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Elizabeth Gould overturned one of the central tenets of neuroscience. Now she’s building on her discovery to show that poverty and stress may not just be symptoms of society, but bound to our anatomy. "Poverty is stress," she says. "One thing that always strikes me is that when you ask Americans why the poor are poor, they always say it's because they don’t work hard enough, or don't want to do better. They act like poverty is a character issue." Gould's work implies that the symptoms of poverty are not simply states of mind; they actually warp the mind. Because neurons are designed to reflect their circumstances, not to rise above them, the monotonous stress of living in a slum literally limits the brain.