当我们过度依赖手机会发生什么?麻省理工学院社会学家雪莉·特克尔(Sherry Turkle)在其新书《重拾对话》(Reclaiming Conversation)中指出,我们会失去与他人进行更深入、更自发对话的能力,从而以令人担忧的方式改变我们的社交互动性质。
特克尔在过去20年里一直致力于研究科技对我们独处和群体行为的影响。尽管她最初对科技能够改善社会的潜力感到兴奋,但她越来越担心新技术,尤其是手机,正在侵蚀我们社区的社会结构。
在她之前的畅销书《独自在一起》(Alone Together )中,她表达了对科技的担忧:科技在承诺让我们彼此联系更紧密的同时,却让我们感到越来越孤立。自该书2012年出版以来,科技变得更加无处不在,与我们的现代生活也更加密不可分。 《重拾对话》(Reclaiming Conversation)一书是特克尔呼吁人们更深入地审视手机的社会影响,并重新重视对话在我们日常生活中的作用,以维护我们的同理心、内省能力、创造力和亲密感。
我通过电话采访了特克尔,谈到了她的书以及书中提出的一些问题。以下是我们对话的节选。
吉尔·萨蒂:你的新书警告说,手机和其他便携式通讯技术正在扼杀人际交流的艺术。你为什么特别想关注人际交流呢?
雪莉·特克尔:因为对话是我们所做的最人性化、最能体现人性的事情。同理心源于对话,亲密关系也源于对话——因为眼神交流,因为我们能听到对方的语气,感受到他们的肢体动作,感受到他们的存在。我们正是通过对话了解他人。但是,在不知不觉中,在没有事先计划的情况下,我们实际上已经远离了对话,而我的研究表明,这种远离正在伤害我们。
JS:手机和其他科技产品对我们造成了哪些伤害?
ST: 89%的美国人表示,在最近一次社交活动中,他们拿出了手机;82%的人表示,这破坏了他们正在进行的谈话。基本上,我们正在做一些我们明知会损害人际交往的事情。
我举个例子。如果在社交互动中使用手机,会产生两方面的影响:首先,它会降低谈话的质量,因为你会谈论一些你并不介意被打断的话题,这很正常;其次,它会削弱人与人之间的同理心。
所以,即使是像一起吃午饭时把手机放在桌上这样简单的举动,也会降低人们愿意谈论的话题的情感重要性,也会削弱彼此之间的联系。如果你把这种情况乘以你和别人喝咖啡、和孩子吃早餐、或者和伴侣谈论感受时把手机放在桌上的次数,你会发现我们每天这样做10次、20次、30次。
JS:那么,如果手机实际上正在损害我们的人际交往,为什么人类如此容易受到手机的诱惑呢?
ST:手机给我们带来了如同阿拉丁神灯般的美好承诺——我们永远不会感到孤独,永远不会感到无聊,我们可以随心所欲地分配注意力,还可以同时处理多项任务,而这或许是最具诱惑力的。这种随心所欲分配注意力的能力,已经成为人们在社交互动中最渴望的东西——那种无需百分百投入的感觉,以及避免在互动中感到无聊的恐惧。
事实上,允许自己有片刻的无聊感对人际交往至关重要,对你的大脑也同样重要。当你感到无聊时,你的大脑其实并不无聊——它正在自我修复,需要这段休息时间。
我们很容易受到手机的影响,手机不断带来的刺激甚至会让我们产生神经化学上的快感。
过去二十年,我一直在研究科技的强大吸引力,但你知道吗?我们仍然可以改变。我们可以用更有利于孩子、家庭、工作和我们自身的方式来使用手机。说我们对科技上瘾并不恰当,它不是海洛因。
JS:你的书中有一点让我印象深刻,那就是你采访的许多人都谈到了在线处理冲突或棘手情绪问题的好处。他们说,他们可以更谨慎地回应,从而有助于缓解人际紧张关系。这听起来似乎是件好事。那么,这种想法有什么问题呢?
ST:我在为我的书做研究时,发现很多人希望通过在线方式减少与伴侣或孩子之间的争吵或处理棘手的情感问题,这让我感到非常惊讶。
但我们以孩子为例。如果你用这种方式对待孩子,如果你只用这种控制的方式与他们相处,你实际上是在助长孩子最深的恐惧——他们的真实想法、愤怒和未经修饰的情感,是你无法承受的。而这正是父母不应该对孩子说的话。你的孩子不需要听到你无法接受、尊重和重视他们强烈的情感。
人们需要表达自己的情感——我对此深信不疑。我理解人们为什么会避免冲突,但这样做最终会导致孩子认为自己的感受是不正常的。还有一种有趣的变体,父母会给孩子买机器人跟他们说话,或者让他们跟Siri对话,因为他们觉得这样孩子就能更安全地倾诉情感。然而,这恰恰是你的孩子最不需要的。
JS:一些研究似乎表明,社交媒体使用量的增加实际上会促进线下社交互动。我想知道这与你的论点是否一致?
ST:我对这些数据的解读是,如果你是一个善于社交、积极参与社交活动的人,那么你使用社交媒体的行为就会成为你社交形象的一部分。我认为这很棒。我的书并非反对科技,而是提倡人与人之间的交流。所以,如果你发现使用社交媒体能增加你与人面对面交流的次数,那我绝对支持。
社交媒体还可以帮助那些利用它逐步建立联系,最终与人面对面交流的人。如果你属于这类人,我绝对支持。
我更担心的是那些把社交媒体当作替代品的人,他们会在 Facebook 上发布一些东西,然后就坐在那里看着自己的照片能获得 100 个赞,他们的自我价值和关注点都取决于他们在社交媒体上是否被接受、被需要和被渴望。
我担心的是,在很多其他情况下,比如你我一起参加一个有六个人的晚宴,每个人都在吃饭时发短信,奉行着所谓的“三人规则”——也就是说,必须有三个人抬头认真听讲,其他人才能安心地低头发短信。在这种情况下,每个人都在心不在焉地听着,结果就是没有人能认真地、有意义地谈论自己真正想说的话,最终我们只能进行一些无关紧要的对话,彼此之间也缺乏联系。
JS:您还写到谈话如何影响工作环境。谈话难道不会分散注意力,影响工作效率吗?为什么要鼓励工作中的谈话?
ST:在职场中,你需要创造专门的对话空间,因为首先,对话确实能提升业绩。所有研究都表明,当人们被允许彼此交流时,他们的表现会更好——他们更善于合作,更有创造力,工作效率更高。
公司为员工创造交流空间至关重要。但如果管理者没有以身作则,让员工明白放下邮件进行交流是完全可以的,那么工作就无法取得任何进展。我曾去过一家公司,那里每隔10英尺就摆放着一台咖啡机,桌子大小也正适合交流,一切都是为了促进交流而设计的。但员工们却觉得,表达对公司忠诚的最重要方式就是立即回复邮件。如果必须时刻关注邮件,就无法进行有效的交流。我采访的一些人甚至害怕离开手机。这意味着他们会带着手机去吃早餐,而不是和孩子一起吃早餐。
JS:如果科技如此普及却又问题重重,您有什么建议可以帮助人们在不沉迷其中的情况下,将其控制在可控范围内?
ST:未来的道路并非摒弃科技,而是与科技更加和谐地共处。我认为首要步骤之一是创造神圣空间——厨房、餐厅、车内——这些空间不应放置电子设备,而应留作交流之用。与朋友、同事或家人共进午餐时,不要把手机放在你们中间的桌子上。让用餐成为倾听和被倾听的时刻。
当我们频繁地与房间里的朋友聊天,或者忙于应付手机上所有能联系到的人时,我们就错过了那些能够孕育同理心、发展亲密关系的对话。我遇到一位睿智的大三学生,她谈到了“七分钟法则”:只需七分钟,就能判断一场对话是否有趣。她坦言自己很少愿意花这七分钟。一旦出现“冷场”,她就会拿起手机。然而,正是在我们磕磕绊绊、犹豫不决、经历那些“冷场”的时候,我们才能最真切地向彼此袒露心扉。
所以,要允许那些人性化的时刻,接受生活不是持续不断的“供给”,并学会品味对话的节奏——为了同理心,为了社群,为了创造力。
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Recently, my wife's brother and sister-in-law visited us for a few days. Along with them came their smart-phones (my wife and I have one antiquated "dumb-phone" that we use for traveling or for certain occasions only). Of course, wherever my in-laws were, their smart-phones came along, with the requisite browsing and texting. One day we went to a beautiful botanical garden for a stroll and some picture-taking. And of course, along came the smart-phones. Well, my brother-in-law decided to separate himself from the rest of us and proceeded to text his every move to his wife, who was with the rest of us. Every few minutes of peaceful silence and enjoyment of the wonderful sights was interrupted by a barrage of texts, with their accompanying screams for attention. A wonderful outdoor moment in nature ruined. And oh, they are in their late 60s!
What we are now experiencing has been aptly termed, "Persistent Interruption Technology," and from what I can see, quite addicted to it.
I'm 61 and glad I'm on the far side of the PITs.
[Hide Full Comment]Putting private thoughts (or "feelings") into the cloud feels *safer* than discussing them privately? Is that like saying that not using a seat belt in a car feels "safer" because buckling up makes someone feel claustrophobic? DUH.
To use technology in a right way sounds a good idea for those who have enough intelligence
and strength to do that the reality is that that group of community is usually the smallest
Look at the planet now and see what is going on. Majority is helplessly following dictation of economy ,knowing that those who have some compassion should help humanity how to live in harmony with our natural world of which we are part and then we may have a chance to use any technology for our benefit .
May all beings be happy.
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One general rule I make an effort to enforce with loved ones, friends. When we set down to a meal, we set down to a meal. My rule states no discussion of the following:
politics
religion
economics
money
business
sex
Further, all phones & gadgets are either off, on silent, not given interaction. If pressed I excuse the rule to help aid with digestive troubles from stress. Generally, people then, understand and comply. "Oh, yeah I guess that makes sense. If it helps us digest our food better, alright."
You might think eliminating all the above from conversation will not leave much to discuss. You're thought would err. I will tolerate discussion of spirituality, this is not religion but how a person relates to our world. I'll handle it that as long as it remains topical and doesn't get too in depth or begin to sound like proselytizing.
I'll even give a little wiggle room to politics, so long as it again stays highly topical. If someone goes to far I will kindly remind us all. "Hey, that's all good for corporations to set policies. We're having a meal. How about the quality of this food?"
Business & money talk? No, I do not want it when we eat. That kind of stuff is peddling death usually. When we eat, we're celebrating life. Even if I'm supposed to be doing some business, or having to deal with money issues. "This can wait until we've eaten. I'll bring it back up when the time is right. Thanks,"
We can also talk about gardening, household tips, health concerns. There is plenty to chit chat about. I simply prefer to not have all the normally crappy, well, crap invade a nice meal with those I love. That crap has no place in our circle. I find once others come to "break bread" with me and they get a "feel" of my rule/s of eating, they seem to appreciate and respect that. If they do not, I slide them out into outfield. I'll not waste valued time on them. They get a cold shoulder, if i even let them see the shoulder.
I do not have a cell phone, "smart" or otherwise. My wife has her phone. I just don't "get" that kind of stuff. I also do not get too enthused about gaming. I like very few puzzle types of games, a few rpg. But I'm moderate in playing even these. Don't do a lot of Facebook either. I'm on there merely to give my wife a pointer. "Oh, look, my husband!"
No, I'm not exactly a Luddite either. I'm just not "getting" a lot of stuff any more. Might be I need a college degree. Although, I'm sure it would do no good for me. There's already a lot I'm overqualified to do work wise, and I'm only a high school graduate. And there's a lot I seemingly need a college degree to do.
Well, I can grow beans & peas. :) People like eating those. People will offer help for beans & peas, they'll offer the money stuff too for my wife. She can then pay that darned Bill guy who comes monthly to collect his share.
[Hide Full Comment]Maybe it's because I am 63, but I've been in the computer field since I left college (tho retired now), so it's not like I've been a Luddite all my life. But I, too, have begun to abhor the fascination with cellphones. I look around public spaces, like my gym, and it's almost comical how all eyes are glued to their devices. I'm not a big socializer, either, but I don't use a cell phone as the mask others do to avoid even meeting the eyes of a person across a room.
But my biggest disappointment involves being called by people on their cell phones, when they are obviously driving, or walking, or shopping, etc. At first I tried to rationalize my disturbed feelings away, knowing how much "it makes sense" to use time like that to make calls or handle things. They were still talking completely to me, just getting something else done.
But the feelings persisted. Finally, I pinpointed the problem. It was ME that was the "something else to get done". Can check off the "keeping in touch with friends/family" box, without it actually taking up any of one's time.
One particular friend, who I've known for about 30 years and was very, very close to, seems puzzled by my seeming to distance him, not always answering his calls, or calling him back. But I remember when we used to sit for hours together, sharing deep conversations, including our feelings about important issues in our lives. (We happened to be going thru marital breakups at the same time, so naturally found it nice to have someone to share deep feelings with.)
What he doesn't seem to get, is that every time he calls me while he's food shopping, or driving, pausing while he looks for a street, or a brand of cereal, or whatever, our conversations never get past the "rained hard today, didn't it?" or "yeah, work is a pain" stuff. I especially noticed it because he remarried in those years, and happens to be divorcing again, and I thought maybe he could use someone to talk to, so I was trying to be there and not ignore his calls. But I finally gave up, and have gone back to checking off my own box, something like "have I gone too many calls in a row without answering?" so give him the chunk of time ... until his shopping trip is over, or he's found the location he was driving to.
I find it very sad. But I've accepted it. It's an introspective time for me, so it's fine that many of my friends are so "busy". Maybe if they seemed happier I'd be convinced it was a good thing, but too many of them seem to recognize there's a lack, but have no clue the connection to how they've reduced their conversations to something they can check off while they do something else.
Sad.
[Hide Full Comment]Thank you Jill for expressing my feelings so well. I'm 65 (retired) and will NOT allow technology to dominate my life. I'm on the computer to read newsletters and write. I do check e-mail but not constantly. I'd rather pick up the phone to talk with someone but some in my age group have become e-mail or texting adopters. The younger set - I am concerned for them. Not only is communication an issue, but their posture, eyes, and use of thumbs is not good for the body. I am personally offended when someone uses their phone or tablet when I am talking with them. So rude! It's like saying I am less worthy of their attention than whatever potential 'life--changing' thing they HAVE to see RIGHT NOW is to them. End of rant. I do hope this attitude of 'receiving a feed' changes. It's unhealthy is so many ways.
Revealing article and frightening, but we need to embrace phones/technology bc it is not going away. We need to rethink their usage and as author states create sacred space and limits. Nothing is more sacred than human face to face interaction.