“我们从寻找问题的答案却找不到答案的过程中学到的东西,比从直接找到答案本身学到的东西更多。” ——劳埃德·亚历山大
我既是一名教师,也是一名求知欲很强的学生,我对这两者都充满热情。
我是一名教师,因为我帮助伊娃在家教育我们的孩子——好吧,大部分工作都是她做的,但我也会帮忙,主要是数学,但也包括其他所有科目。我还在网上课程中教授习惯养成、写作/博客、极简生活和其他一些有趣的话题。
我是一个终身学习者,总是痴迷于学习一些东西,无论是面包制作、语言、葡萄酒、国际象棋、写作还是健身。
以下是我在多年学习和教书过程中学到的关于学习的两个重要教训——其实都是同一个教训: (1)我学到的几乎所有东西都不是在学校里学到的;(2)我的学生(和孩子们)学到的几乎所有东西都是他们自己学到的。
这两课(或者说一课)对学习有很多意义和启示。让我们一起来看看其中的一些,希望对你有所帮助。
为什么学习是独立的
非学校教育(我和伊娃以及孩子们在家实践的教育方式)的核心理念之一,就是不教孩子知识——事实上,你根本不教他们任何东西。他们对自己学习负责,并且是因为对某些事物感兴趣而学习,而不是因为你告诉他们应该学。
我成年后就是这样学习的,所以我知道这种方法有效。
老师们(他们都是很棒的人)在学校教我东西的时候,我常常觉得无聊,只是为了应付考试而敷衍了事。不是因为科目或老师无聊,而是因为我对这些东西不感兴趣。他们想让我学,只是觉得我应该学,但这并非人们学习的真正原因。人们学习是因为他们关心它——因为他们觉得它非常有趣,或者因为他们需要它来实现自己真正想做的事情。
老师们之所以能让我学到东西,是因为他们把知识讲得非常有趣,让我开始感兴趣。但之后我还是会自学,要么在课堂上对着所有人自言自语,要么更常见的是在课后去图书馆或家里学习。
那是因为别人手把手地教你学习是行不通的——你只是听别人讲解,根本学不到东西。只有当你亲身尝试,把知识付诸实践时,你才能真正学到东西。真正的学习才刚刚开始,肤浅的学习才刚刚结束——当你尝试、失败、调整、再试,并在过程中解决无数小问题时,学习才真正开始。
最好的老师明白这一点,所以他们会激励你,并帮助你将所学知识付诸实践。
成年后,我自学了很多东西。那些读过的东西,我大多都忘了。但那些我通过实践、练习、创作和与他人分享而学到的东西——这些我都牢牢记住了。我真正理解了它们。
我开始写博客的时候就学会了如何写博客,并且坚持写了五年——这并非通过阅读关于博客的博客。我的学生们从我这里学会了养成习惯、整理房间、冥想和写博客,并非因为我告诉了他们什么高深莫测的道理,而是因为真正学会的人都付诸实践。他们养成了一个简单的习惯,整理了家里的杂物,连续30天每天冥想5分钟,并坚持写博客。
真正的学习就发生在这里——当手指开始动起来,双脚开始舞动的时候,而不是当你听到或读到某些东西的时候。
如何学习(或教授)
教师的真正职责是激发学生的兴趣。兴趣是学习的关键。然后帮助学生将这种兴趣付诸实践。
由此可见,如果你是自学,你的工作内容也完全一样。
以下是学习方法:
- 要对知识充满热情。作为一名教师,你应该和学生一起重新发现当初让你对这个主题着迷的那些点,从而激发她的兴趣。如果你自己都无法投入热情,就不会真正关心学习,只会敷衍了事。那么,如何才能对知识充满热情呢?通常,与他人合作或为他人做事能激励我更深入地研究某个领域,阅读那些在该领域取得成功或成为传奇人物的人的故事也能让我着迷。
- 全身心投入。我会阅读所有能找到的网站和书籍。谷歌和图书馆是我的首选,它们都是免费的。接下来我会去二手书店。网上总有海量的资源可以学习任何东西。如果没有,那就自己创造一个。
- 循序渐进地去做。真正去做你想做的事情肯定会让人感到害怕。你可以学习尽可能多的西班牙语词汇,但除非你开始进行对话,否则你不会真正掌握它们。你可以阅读大量的国际象棋书籍,但你必须将书中的问题付诸实践,并下棋。你可以阅读编程书籍,但除非你真正编写代码,否则你不会真正掌握它。从小的、不吓人的步骤开始,尽可能降低风险,专注于有趣且简单的技能。
- 玩耍。学习不是工作,而是乐趣。如果你学习只是因为你觉得应该学习,而不是因为你从中获得乐趣,你很难坚持下去,或者你会讨厌它,不再关心它。所以,把学习变成游戏。把它变成一种乐趣。边学边唱边跳。面带微笑地向人们展示你的新技能。
- 和别人一起做。我相信大部分学习都是独自完成的,但和别人一起做会更有趣。我喜欢和朋友、伊娃一起锻炼。我喜欢为家人烤面包。我喜欢和孩子们下棋。这激励我学习,因为我想和别人一起学习时也能做得更好。
- 随意走动。我会全身心投入到某件事中几周,然后又转向另一件事。这没关系。对某个话题的热情往往就是这样。有时它会持续很久,有时则会像一阵短暂的激情爆发。你无法控制它。如果事情把你引向何方,就顺其自然吧。
- 但深度学习需要数月甚至数年的时间。你可以在两到四周内了解很多关于某件事的知识,但只有经过数月甚至数年的实践,才能真正成为这方面的专家。我花了六个月的时间就对博客写作有了相当的了解,但我等了几年才敢自信地向别人传授这方面的知识。即使现在,在写博客五年多之后,我仍然在不断学习。习惯的养成也是如此——我花了七年时间成功养成习惯,积累了丰富的经验,现在终于可以自信地教别人了。那么,如何才能既允许自己探索,又能坚持足够长的时间进行深度学习呢?答案是:在主题范围内不断探索。例如,你可以在一个月内了解很多关于葡萄酒的知识,但如果你之后专注于赤霞珠一个月,然后是仙粉黛,再是黑皮诺呢?如果你接着决定学习俄勒冈州的黑皮诺,然后是索诺玛的黑皮诺,最后是(美妙的)勃艮第黑皮诺呢?你依然在探索,但却在不断深入。你也可以暂时放下某个话题,然后再次对它产生兴趣,再重新回到这个话题上去。
- 自我测试。你可以通过学习、自我测试、再次学习以填补知识漏洞、再次测试,如此反复直到熟记于心,快速掌握大量信息。这或许不是最有趣的学习方式,但效果显著。或者,你也可以通过玩耍来学习,并将玩耍本身作为检验。
- 要敢于质疑。不要盲目相信别人对某个话题的所有看法,即使他们是权威专家。首先,专家也常常会犯错,只有当他们的观点受到挑战时,新的知识才会被发现。其次,即使他们的观点是对的,而你的观点是错的,通过质疑你也能从中学习。通过质疑,你不仅已经思考了已有的信息,还提出了另一种理论。然后你需要尝试验证哪个理论是正确的,即使你发现最初的信息或理论是正确的,而你是错的,你现在也比盲目认同的人了解得更透彻。我并不是说要对所有事情都持反对意见,但你质疑得越多,你学到的东西就越多。不要以令人不快的方式表达反对意见,也不要过于固执己见,为自己的理论辩护。
- 去教别人。巩固知识的最佳方法莫过于将知识传授给他人。即使你对它了解得不够透彻也没关系——只要你在教别人的时候坦诚相告即可。例如,我虽然是国际象棋新手,但我会学习一些相关知识并教给我的孩子们——他们知道我不是比赛选手,更别提大师了,但我仍然在教他们一些他们不懂的东西。而当我这样做的时候,我开始真正理解它,因为教别人需要将你吸收的知识进行反思,找到一种组织方式,以便清晰地传达给别人,让他们能够理解,发现他们的错误并帮助他们改正,发现自己知识的不足之处等等。
- 学习可以是潜移默化的。我们以为自己能掌控思想,就像程序员一样告诉大脑该学什么、怎么学、该记住哪些数据。然而并非如此。我们的大脑运作方式神秘莫测,无法被严格控制。它会漫游,会抓住最奇特的事物,吸收远超我们认知的信息。之后,你可以回顾自己吸收的知识,检验自己,然后发现自己其实已经掌握了一些之前未曾意识到的知识。关键在于尽可能多地接触某个主题,并允许自己吸收。有时,你的大脑会捕捉到一些你之前未曾意识到的模式,而这些模式可以在你将所学付诸实践时派上用场。
- 通过写博客反思你的学习。你会吸收大量的信息和模式,并能将其付诸实践。但当你静下心来反思所学内容,并尝试与他人分享(就像我现在正在做的那样)时,你会迫使自己进行深度思考,综合并整理知识,就像你教别人时一样。即使你不指望靠写博客谋生,它也是一个反思和分享所学内容的绝佳工具。而且它是免费的。
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i'm from singapore, and the education system here (it's wonderful btw, i have nothing against it) has started to veer towards a wrong direction. cant agree with you more. i think the core of any form of learning is passion. passion sums it up. if you dont have passion for something, you will find it a pain to do it well. and if you find it a pain to do it, how much more those people you educate? education has to flow out of the teacher's passion, and through that passion inspire her students to learn. i think this is a very valid article
What a wonderful post. As a former elementary teacher I hear you! And your point about blogging is spot on too. I started my blog last summer as I headed off on a year of healing travels. Turned out to be an excellent way for me to figure out who I was becoming and how things changed for me. It was probably the anchoring highlight of my time away. I amazed even myself and think I may have helped a few people along the way! Thanks to Don Genova who teaches the Food and Travel writing course at UBC.
This has to be one of the best articles on learning I've read in a while.
I think teachers discount how much they really contribute to children's lives. They are learning from you all the time. Your habits, your mannerisms, what you say to others, how you treat them---all is being absorbed minute by minute every day. The subjects you teach them could not be taught without you. Sure, anyone can go on the internet or read a book and try to learn something. Trial and error is the way many people learn. But a teacher is there for so much more. You have experience. You KNOW more, and have a much different perspective on what the upcoming elections mean as compared to a six or sixteen-year-old. They look to you for guidance, and inspiration. Who is going to go on Google and learn Calculus on their own? Who even remembers what Calculus is for? Newton invented it. Physics teachers know what it is for. The cell phone in your hand and the blog you are reading are made possible by the understanding of our physical world through multiple formulas based on Calculus. But who's going to teach it to the students? What football team has ever made it to the Superbowl without a coach? Don't discount yourselves. Teachers are inspiration and knowledge and everything children need to prepare themselves for the future.
[Hide Full Comment]You have said it all. A wonderful article. I had never thought about a passion for a topic ending but you're right, it does, at least temporarily. Going on to something out is the best thing to do. If the passion is lost forever, there's a new one to replace it. If the passion for a topic come back, it's renewed by the jaunt to other things.
Leo, I really enjoyed your post and I completely agree with you: "Get fascinated. As a teacher, you should fascinate the student by rediscovering with her
all the things that originally fascinated you about the topic." Even though my son went to a public school, I was also teaching at home using this method. Life is fascinating, people are fascinating, the way people think is fascinating! If you're excited about the topic, you can't help but pass that on, even if only for a few minutes. The learning takes place easily then.
Only 1 teacher in his high school stands out to us as being fascinated and excited about what she was teaching and she was his Italian teacher. She was from Italy and loved to teach the language to her students in addition to the culture. Being Italian, she **knew** the language and also knew how to teach it unlike his Spanish 'teacher' the year before. Our son learned more in his Italian class in one week than he had in a year of Spanish. Amazing!
Now in college, one of my son's favorite professors is a man who
teaches Western Civilization. The professor is excited about traveling (which he has done a lot of), and the
world and he radiated that through his own personal stories tying into
the topic. The students love his class!
As an aside: When my son was ready to look into colleges and said he couldn't decide on a major or what type of college he wanted to attend, I asked him: "What would you like to learn more about most?" He immediately said, "Astronomy!!" THAT's how you decide your education, whether at college or in life in general. Keep asking yourself that question and see where it leads you. :)
[Hide Full Comment]whatever you learn in life is a on going process. If you learn enough to be a honest respected person and work and earn your money and use it correctly this will hold you in good stead.morales and standards and not being to big headed to say you know it all is vital. education is only part of living and schools dont always teach these lessons to the young people who then live the way they do..
Great post on how we learn! Thank you Service Space.