认知功能在五十岁出头达到顶峰,但保持脑力活跃可以预防此后几年的脑力衰退。

如果你年过四十,你可能不会喜欢这个消息(如果你还没到四十岁,也请做好接受现实的准备):研究人员认为,你的认知能力在五十岁出头时达到顶峰。之后,你的认知能力便会开始下滑,直至生命的尽头。好消息是,大脑具有很强的适应能力,它会对各种经历做出反应。特别是“间隔练习”(重复性锻炼)有助于大脑学习、成长、强化和发展。随着年龄的增长,我们可以通过一些方法来对抗记忆力、思维速度、问题解决能力、推理能力和决策能力等认知功能的衰退。从今天开始进行一些简单的锻炼,可以帮助我们延缓未来的衰退。
大脑可以逆转衰老过程吗?
据脑健康中心创始人兼首席主任桑德拉·邦德·查普曼博士和德克萨斯大学达拉斯分校杰出大学讲席教授迪·怀利表示:“世界人口老龄化速度惊人。我们的预期寿命已达到历史新高,超过78岁,但此前的研究表明,认知能力下降可能从40岁出头就开始了……直到最近,人们还认为健康成年人的认知能力下降是衰老的必然结果。[我们的]研究表明,神经可塑性可以用来增强大脑功能,并为人们带来希望,无论年龄多大,都可以通过习惯性地运用高阶思维策略来提高自身的心智能力和认知健康。”
研究发现,复杂的脑力活动可以增加大脑的整体血流量,这表明保持脑力活跃有助于逆转甚至可能预防随着年龄增长而出现的脑损伤和认知能力下降。
邦德引用的这项研究由德克萨斯大学达拉斯分校脑健康中心开展,并发表在《大脑皮层》(Cerebral Cortex)杂志上。研究人员随机抽取了56岁至71岁的人群,利用三种基于核磁共振成像(MRI)的测量方法,研究了他们的大脑变化。他们的发现令人振奋:在为期12周的时间里,参与者接受了每次一小时的定向脑力训练,结果显示,他们大脑中与学习相关的区域之间的结构连接能力增强,关键脑区之间的信息交流也更加顺畅。
Advance MRI创始人兼总裁、该研究的合作者Sina Aslan博士补充道:“通过这项研究,我们发现认知训练可以增加脑血流量,而脑血流量是衡量大脑健康的一个敏感生理指标。此前的研究表明,人们从20多岁开始脑血流量就会下降。这项研究表明,复杂的脑力活动可以增加整体脑血流量,这提示我们保持脑力活跃有助于逆转甚至可能预防随着年龄增长而出现的脑损伤和认知能力下降。”
事实上,这项研究显示,大脑血流量增加了8%以上,这显著影响认知能力,并有助于保持大脑年轻。一年后的后续研究证实,这种益处得以维持。如果你想增强脑力,这无疑是个好消息!
此刻,你或许会想,要怎样才能获得这些好处呢?在已经满满当当的日程安排下,你还有时间再增加一项任务吗?其实,训练大脑非常简单,完全可以在你日常工作中进行。
7项经科学验证、效果显著的练习
你的大脑负责五项主要认知功能:执行功能、记忆力、注意力、语言能力和视觉空间技能。如果你已经将有氧运动纳入日常安排(研究建议每周至少三次,每次一小时),那么你已经养成了一个良好的习惯,可以增加大脑关键记忆区域的血流量,并提高你的记忆力。添加以下任何一项认知功能提升练习,都将进一步增强你的大脑健康益处:
1. 制定策略!逻辑和推理能力是做出决策和考虑行动可能结果的基础。你越是挑战自己完成这类任务,就越能加深大脑中负责此类功能的神经通路。如果你喜欢游戏,这种练习正合你意。电子游戏和策略性棋盘游戏(例如国际象棋)是锻炼大脑这一方面的绝佳方式。其他选择包括社交互动,或者任何需要你确定预期结果、计算各种选择并制定计划以实现目标的活动。
2. 挑战你的记忆力。每次阅读、推理或进行任何类型的心算时,你都在强调记忆力对认知功能的重要性。记忆力也可能是你最先察觉到认知功能衰退的地方。训练记忆力非常简单,你可以在通勤或听广播时进行:开车时尝试记住一首歌的所有歌词,或者在公交车上背诵一首诗。不通勤?那就强迫自己凭记忆完成一项任务。例如,闭着眼睛洗脸刷牙,或者学习用非惯用手完成一项任务。
3. 重新集中注意力。注意力是认知的基础要素之一,而且会随着年龄增长而下降。然而,集中注意力(并保持专注)的能力,使你能够在各种干扰下保持专注和高效,这意味着你需要保持大脑的这项功能敏锐。提升这项能力其实很简单,只需改变你的日常习惯。你每天98%的行为都是习惯性的;改变日常习惯能确保你的大脑必须集中注意力。有两种方法可以锻炼你的这项能力:(1)找出你每天都在机械重复的事情,并做出改变。这可能意味着选择不同的上班或上学路线,或者改变你的锻炼方式(例如,反向进行锻炼);(2)当你将需要认知功能的活动结合起来时,你就能迫使你的大脑在相同的时间内处理更多的信息。例如,一边做饭一边听广播或有声读物,或者一边开车一边在脑海中列出购物清单。
4. 重置大脑。集中注意力固然重要,但有时让大脑休息一下更为重要。让大脑平静下来可以打破其固有的节奏,从而使其得到恢复。休息能让大脑在之后以更广阔的视角和更强的创造力重新投入工作。你可以把这看作是大脑的一种间歇训练。查普曼博士建议采用“五乘五”原则,即“每天至少五次,每次至少五分钟,从你正在做的事情中抽身出来,进行重置”。
努力深入理解信息,超越其表面层面。当你阅读书籍或文章(包括本文!)时,与他人分享你的收获。不要只是复述事实,而是要找出并讨论你所读内容的主题,以及它们与你生活的关联。
5. 提升你的词汇量。语言游戏可以刺激大脑理解、记忆和识别单词。你练习语言流利度越多,大脑就能越快地回忆起旧词并掌握新词。花时间在语境中理解新词尤其能训练大脑记忆,因为这能增强与词义相关的联想。一个简单的方法是阅读一些你平时不感兴趣的文章。与其读报纸的商业版,不如读体育版或科技版。
6. 综合,综合,再综合。据高阶技能卓越小组主席凯尔·布鲁默 (Keir Bloomer) 所说,“综合是一种整合的技能。本质上,它是通过吸收不同的现有观点和知识(有时来自不同领域)来形成新知识或新想法的过程……它是一种涉及联系、关联、整合等活动的技能。” 为了锻炼这种能力,要努力深入理解信息,超越其表面层面。当你阅读一本书或一篇文章(包括这篇文章!)时,与他人分享你的收获。不要只是复述事实,而是要找出并讨论你所读内容的主题,以及它们与你生活的联系。
7. 仔细观察。视觉是大脑理解和编码体验的最主要感官之一。能够视觉分析周围环境,能为你提供许多关于如何在其中行事的认知线索。有两种简单的方法可以锻炼大脑的这项能力:(1)在任何环境中,挑选三件物品并记住它们的位置。离开该环境后,闭上眼睛,看看你是否能准确记住每件物品及其位置;两小时后再重复一次;(2)想要增加难度,可以尝试注意你视野范围内(包括正前方和周边视野)的所有事物,然后凭记忆将它们全部写下来。
从这些细微之处来看,将脑力锻炼融入日常生活似乎轻而易举。我相信你能做到,所以我再悄悄告诉你一个提升脑力的妙招:停止一心多用。持续不断地输入/输出信息会使大脑疲劳,导致效率和生产力下降。当你需要专注于高阶思维(那些真正需要你全神贯注于大脑的任务)时,如果你能保持专注至少15分钟,不被打断,你将会取得更大的成就。
这一切听起来都很有希望,但要理解大脑可以延缓衰老这个概念,就像办了健身卡一样:只有真正使用才能发挥作用。这意味着,将这些理念融入你的日常生活需要你付出一点努力。如果你一边阅读这篇文章,一边还在看电视新闻——这相当于结合了需要认知功能的活动,从而锻炼了你的注意力——那么你已经迈出了成功的第一步。
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Immediately the last paragraph jumps out at me. The writer had a few sentences earlier sited it a mistake or wrong in that it is not helpful to the memory to multi-task, and in the last paragraph she says that if you have been reading this article along with the NEWS you are on the way to improving your memory. Wouldn't that be multi-tasking and considered detrimental by earlier stating so. I do find the article very helpful but surprises me I have been doing those things suggested all along. Note, I am 70 years old and have had tremendous stressors to my brain and realized some years ago all I know has basically been through empirical knowledge...learning by life experience and in fact at times many concepts were self-taught by trial and error. Thank you for this article. I hope to put it on my timeline as well as share it with facebook friends.
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Completely agree with that, if we are to stay mentally fit then our brains need exercise as much as our bodies.It's fact that mental exercise opens up our brains to newer things & boost their memory and intelligence....Nice & Informative stuff.
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These are really best ideas to make our brain fast. Exercise is really important, along with body, brain should be sharp. Thanks for the nice post. Regards, FitnessCAW
It is so true that our mind is our most useful tool in life! Especially when we get older. I heard that juggling is also really good for white matter. Or is it grey matter? hm.
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[Hide Full Comment]Great article Michele! Our brains need exercise as much as our bodies do if we are to stay mentally fit. Equally true, mental exercise opens up our brains to newer things and experiences, thereby stimulating important aspects of our brains which kick starts neurogenesis leading to the creation of more neural pathways that ultimately enhance learning abilities and improves the memory. I recently wrote an equally revealing article on the 25 ways we can train our brains to be smarter every day according to science and it's a must read for anyone who wants to boost their memory and intelligence. You can read it up on the link below and it's for free!
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What about multilingualism? There is plenty of research that shows a strong correlation between active, long-term multilingualism and lower incidences of Alzheimer's, etc.
I agree with the other readers that the advice sounds contradictory. Sometimes it sounds like the author is advising multitasking, sometimes like she's advising against it. Please clarify!
Some good tips but ,they need to be in perspective.multitasking and full attention Botha re useful but in its own right?this article needs good scrutiny by gray matter
I agree with previous commenter... read this article while listening to the news on TV? Seems to me you couldn't do either task well. When I hit the part about not multitasking, that was the exact situation that came to mind for me: I often have my laptop open with TV on, but when I have to read something requiring more than minimal attention, I mute the TV. Sp to read the suggestion I do both... well, like I said, I wouldn't be giving this article much attention at all if I did.
Don't multitask, but listen to the news while cooking? I see conflicting advice here.