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Quattro Modi in Cui La felicità può Farti Male

Negli ultimi anni, abbiamo assistito a un'esplosione di ricerche scientifiche che dimostrano con precisione quanto emozioni positive come la felicità siano benefiche per noi. Sappiamo che ci motivano a perseguire obiettivi importanti e a superare gli ostacoli, ci proteggono da alcuni effetti dello stress, ci collegano strettamente con gli altri e persino prevengono disturbi fisici e mentali.

Questo ha reso la felicità piuttosto di moda. La scienza della felicità è finita sulle copertine di Time , Oprah e persino The Economist , e ha generato una piccola industria di oratori motivazionali, psicoterapeuti e imprese di ricerca. Questo sito web, Greater Good , presenta circa 400 articoli sulla felicità e il suo blog per genitori si occupa specificamente di come crescere figli felici .

È chiaro che la felicità sia popolare. Ma la felicità è sempre un bene? Sentirsi troppo bene può mai essere un male? I ricercatori stanno appena iniziando ad esplorare seriamente queste questioni, e a ragione: riconoscendo le potenziali insidie ​​della felicità, ci permettiamo di comprenderla più a fondo e impariamo a promuovere vite più sane ed equilibrate.

Insieme alle mie colleghe Iris Mauss e Maya Tamir, ho esaminato le ricerche scientifiche emergenti sul lato oscuro della felicità e abbiamo condotto una nostra ricerca sull'argomento. Questi studi hanno rivelato quattro modi in cui la felicità potrebbe essere dannosa per noi.

1. Troppa felicità può renderti meno creativo e meno sicuro.

A quanto pare, la felicità ha un prezzo quando viene vissuta in modo troppo intenso.

Ad esempio, ci viene spesso detto che la felicità può aprire la nostra mente, stimolare un pensiero più creativo e aiutarci ad affrontare problemi o enigmi. Questo accade quando proviamo livelli moderati di felicità. Ma secondo la meta-analisi del 2008 di Mark Alan Davis sulla relazione tra umore e creatività, quando le persone sperimentano livelli intensi e forse travolgenti di felicità, non sperimentano più lo stesso impulso creativo. E in casi estremi come la mania, le persone perdono la capacità di attingere e canalizzare le proprie risorse creative interiori. Inoltre, la psicologa Barbara Fredrickson ha scoperto che troppe emozioni positive – e troppo poche emozioni negative – rendono le persone inflessibili di fronte a nuove sfide.

Non solo una felicità eccessiva a volte annulla i benefici che ne derivano, ma può anche causare danni psicologici. Perché? La risposta potrebbe risiedere nello scopo e nella funzione della felicità. Quando proviamo felicità, la nostra attenzione si rivolge a cose entusiasmanti e positive della nostra vita per contribuire a sostenere la sensazione di benessere. Quando ci sentiamo felici, tendiamo anche a sentirci meno inibiti e più propensi a esplorare nuove possibilità e a correre rischi.

Portate questa funzione della felicità all'estremo. Immaginate qualcuno che ha un'irrefrenabile voglia di concentrarsi solo sulle cose positive che lo circondano e di correre rischi enormi. Potrebbe tendere a ignorare o trascurare i segnali d'allarme nel suo ambiente, o a compiere passi audaci e rischiosi anche quando i segnali esterni suggeriscono che i guadagni sono improbabili.

Le persone in questa modalità di "sovraeccitazione della felicità" tendono ad adottare comportamenti più rischiosi e a ignorare le minacce, tra cui il consumo eccessivo di alcol, le abbuffate, la promiscuità sessuale e l'uso di droghe. In uno studio del 1993, lo psicologo Howard S. Friedman e colleghi hanno scoperto che i bambini in età scolare valutati come "molto allegri" da genitori e insegnanti presentavano un rischio maggiore di mortalità una volta arrivati ​​in età adulta, forse perché adottavano comportamenti più rischiosi.

Tutti questi risultati portano a una conclusione: la felicità è più intensa se vissuta con moderazione, non troppo poca ma nemmeno troppa.

2. La felicità non è adatta a tutte le situazioni.

Le nostre emozioni ci aiutano ad adattarci a nuove circostanze, sfide e opportunità. La rabbia ci spinge a superare gli ostacoli; la paura ci avverte delle minacce e attiva il nostro sistema di difesa contro la fuga; la tristezza segnala una perdita. Queste emozioni ci permettono di soddisfare bisogni specifici in contesti specifici.

Lo stesso vale per la felicità: ci aiuta a perseguire e raggiungere obiettivi importanti e ci incoraggia a collaborare con gli altri. Ma proprio come non vorremmo provare rabbia o tristezza in ogni contesto, non dovremmo desiderare di provare felicità in ogni contesto.

Come ha sostenuto lo psicologo Charles Carver, le emozioni positive come la felicità ci segnalano che i nostri obiettivi vengono raggiunti, il che ci permette di rallentare, fare un passo indietro e lasciarci trasportare mentalmente. Ecco perché la felicità può effettivamente danneggiarci nella competizione. Studi illuminanti condotti da Maya Tamir hanno scoperto che le persone di umore felice hanno ottenuto risultati peggiori rispetto a quelle arrabbiate quando giocavano a un videogioco competitivo.

Nel mio laboratorio abbiamo scoperto che gli individui che provano felicità in contesti inappropriati (ad esempio guardando un film in cui un bambino piange o la scena di Trainspotting in cui Ewan McGregor fruga in un disgustoso water ricoperto di feci) corrono un rischio maggiore di sviluppare il disturbo emotivo della mania.

Josh Gosfield/Corbis

La felicità ha un tempo e un luogo specifici: non è adatta a tutte le situazioni!

3. Non tutti i tipi di felicità sono buoni per te.

"Felicità" è un termine singolo, ma si riferisce a un arcobaleno di diverse emozioni: alcune ci rendono più energici, altre ci rallentano; alcune ci fanno sentire più vicini agli altri, altre ancora ci rendono più generosi.

Ma tutti i tipi di felicità promuovono questi benefici? Sembra di no. Anzi, un'analisi più approfondita dei diversi tipi di felicità suggerisce che alcune forme potrebbero in realtà essere fonte di disfunzione.

Un esempio è l'orgoglio, un sentimento piacevole associato al raggiungimento di un obiettivo e a un rango o status sociale elevato. In quanto tale, è spesso visto come un tipo di emozione positiva che ci spinge a concentrarci maggiormente su noi stessi. L'orgoglio può essere positivo in determinati contesti e forme, come vincere un premio difficile o ricevere una promozione lavorativa.

Tuttavia, la mia ricerca con Sheri Johnson e Dacher Keltner ha scoperto che quando proviamo troppo orgoglio o un orgoglio senza meriti autentici, ciò può portare a esiti sociali negativi, come aggressività verso gli altri, comportamenti antisociali e persino un aumento del rischio di disturbi dell'umore come la mania. Il lavoro in corso nel mio laboratorio, guidato dalla studentessa laureata Hillary Devlin, supporta l'allettante idea che le emozioni positive egocentriche, come l'orgoglio, possano in realtà ostacolare la nostra capacità di empatizzare o di assumere il punto di vista di un'altra persona nei momenti emotivamente difficili.

In conclusione: certi tipi di felicità possono a volte ostacolare la nostra capacità di entrare in contatto con le persone che ci circondano.

4. Cercare la felicità potrebbe in realtà renderti infelice.

Non sorprende che la maggior parte delle persone voglia essere felice. Sembra che siamo programmati per perseguire la felicità, e questo è particolarmente vero per gli americani: è persino radicato nella nostra Dichiarazione d'Indipendenza.

Ma ricercare la felicità fa bene alla salute? Un lavoro pionieristico di Iris Mauss ha recentemente supportato l'idea controintuitiva secondo cui lottare per la felicità possa in realtà causare più danni che benefici. Infatti, a volte, più le persone perseguono la felicità, meno sembrano in grado di ottenerla. Mauss dimostra che più le persone si sforzano di raggiungere la felicità, più è probabile che si prefiggano un obiettivo elevato per la felicità, per poi rimanere deluse quando tale obiettivo non viene raggiunto. Questo è particolarmente vero quando le persone si trovano in contesti positivi, come l'ascolto di una canzone allegra o la visione di un filmato positivo. È come se più ci si sforzasse di provare felicità, più fosse difficile sentirsi effettivamente felici, anche in situazioni altrimenti piacevoli.

Io e i miei colleghi stiamo lavorando su questa ricerca, che suggerisce che la ricerca della felicità è anche associata a gravi problemi di salute mentale, come la depressione e il disturbo bipolare. Potrebbe essere che la ricerca della felicità stia effettivamente facendo impazzire alcuni di noi.

Come trovare una felicità sana?

Ma come possiamo raggiungere una sana dose di felicità? Questa è la domanda da un milione di dollari.

In primo luogo, è importante provare felicità nella giusta quantità. Troppa poca felicità è problematica quanto troppa. In secondo luogo, la felicità ha un tempo e un luogo, ed è necessario essere consapevoli del contesto o della situazione in cui si prova felicità. In terzo luogo, è importante raggiungere un equilibrio emotivo. Non si può provare felicità a scapito o a discapito di emozioni negative, come tristezza, rabbia o senso di colpa. Queste fanno tutte parte di una ricetta complessa per la salute emotiva e ci aiutano a raggiungere una prospettiva più radicata. L'equilibrio emotivo è fondamentale.

Infine, è importante ricercare e sperimentare la felicità per le giuste ragioni. Concentrarsi troppo sulla ricerca della felicità come fine a se stessa può rivelarsi controproducente. Invece di cercare la felicità con zelo, dovremmo impegnarci ad accettare il nostro attuale stato emotivo, qualunque esso sia. La vera felicità, a quanto pare, deriva dal coltivare la gentilezza verso gli altri e verso noi stessi.

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27 PAST RESPONSES

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me123 Jun 13, 2012

This is an interesting and controversial article. I love stuff like this. First of all I do believe that too much happiness can be unhealthy, in a sence that too much water is unhealthy. you can die from too much water but it has to be gallons at one time. I think that just like a relationship if you don't argue every once in a while then how are you going to know you truly love the person and care for them.  As human beings we need different emotions, happy, sad, frustrated, infuriating; Without these emotions we can not love because we dont know what is good and what is bad. With the persuite of happeness i think the article pined the nail on the donkey with that one, as for everything else, i think they did not word it properly.  

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MegGuest Jun 5, 2012
As I read comments that criticize the article, I generally agree: problems with definition of happiness, over-emphasis on mania, surprising and I think challengable link to excessive risk choices because "happiness" might block mindful self-care.  At least one comment mentions a general feeling of "contentment" as a description of what might be meant by "happiness", and this resonates with me.   Others might add "feeling in harmony with oneself and relationship to larger world".  Still others might add "feeling a general personal confidence about oneself in relationship to larger world."One negative aspect of "happiness" I was surprised to *not* find is mentioned, but not developed. This is a link between an individual "happiness" and reduced ability to empathize.  The possibility of such a link is worthy of thought.  The culture has been through a few decades of individuals pursuing personal development, with emphasis on "individual" and "personal" .   In general, to my obse... [View Full Comment]
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Noor a.f May 29, 2012

mr Stanford of today's daily was annoyed. ms Tippett, doesn't know even smallest provocation that made Standford behave such uncontrolled behavior. you know, I didn't do anything bad. So why frightening again. The saddest thing is that Ms can't guess why you write that but she can understand you are annoyed. Review the causes please instead using force or strangling an innocent miss. She doesn't know car accidents or anything bad happened to you but she understands that you felt pain which she didn't cause. if it is that small statements "woman spoke up"which she apologized, accept apologies.  If you would like Ms completely truss in you, you have to talk where you believe she doesn't. It is simple and if you continue spinal things, you are forcing a Ms to become Mr. Ms really feels that you have some type of pain but she didn't cause-trust her.

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Noor a.f May 29, 2012

@Jeanine, am listening please. thank you

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Happiness 1st May 29, 2012

Pursuing happiness is not "BEing happy".

You are doing a disservice to people by this article.

Emotions are a sense, like taste, touch, smell, hearing and seeing.

Emotions come in response to thoughts.

They also provide guidance from your "Higher Self".

Your Higher Self sends you a message that says "that is the right direction" when you think a thought that feels better than the last thought you thought.

When your new thought feels worse the message is "You're going the wrong way now.  Turn around."

It is as simple as this and not listening to the guidance is never the right choice.

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Noor a.f May 28, 2012

@travelmmn:disqus pursuing happiness doesn't cause the two. I posit there can be relations like my case where happiness is pursued in dread. What do you think, they need to pursue? Some are said need marriage, some doctors, some divine. What do you think, Travelmmn?  

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travelernnn May 28, 2012

The assertion that research suggests that pursuit of happiness is associated with serious mental health problems, such as depression and bipolar disorder implies that pursuing happiness causes these disorders, but I would hope researchers would look into causality. I would posit that people with depression or bipolar disorder are more likely to pursue happiness, as they feel this is what they lack, which would lead to this association, not the other way around.  

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Noor a.f May 27, 2012

@3f80abfeff1e02b26cdef8954007e98c:disqus it was not wasted time. It was to knowledge and others might benefited it.
Thank you  

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Sundisilver May 27, 2012

As I was reading this, all I could think about was how wasteful is to spend so much time THINKING about why happiness is not good instead of just going out and living your life and stumbling onto little happy moments betwixt and between the others.   And then remembering to appreciate them instead of stopping to ask yourself if this is a happy moment or is this a moment that's not really good for me.   I think too much thinking about it sorta ruins the whole experience. 

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Noor a.f May 26, 2012

today's dailygood got me right. I remember operating a store of scientific research age 17. Mine wasn't nuclear but animals esp insects. My big problem was how I could keep people away from the store of the study. I was exactly like Taylor because the word "can't" I don't believe. Hazmat team and arrest isn't known and  never liked. It is always good to make understandable because one might cleaned family's contaminated for may be another family.what is the other please?catastrophic result? that is scaring and is not known. well, Taylor is with you and feels sorry for your time. Well, Washington can't say 'get this very small to die or to live with it for being honesty and stupid awesome."
 The story interested me I had forehead and eyes pain I thought Computer caused but didn't feel while I was reading today's daily.
Thank you

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Noor a.f May 25, 2012
@Kayee, well, I give my definition to the website of last night. Didn't it publish? I wrote a lot of explanations. And happy people connect people around them. but if happy people are busy on things they don't. it is a meaningful question. @be276523f26ecbd80bf429fabaafa852:disqus  , I followed the link but mbs ended anyway it was interesting how the guy talked. I will update unlimited internet. West striving materials, they are right because I one time tried a woman near her car. she was standing and I was practicing accent I just copied from a movie. So I wanted to greet her yet she saw me before. She just looked very innocent and changed the direction. I was really embarrassed because my intention wasn't to cause inconvenience. I then thought of how such issue could be addressed. I started a work. The work then threatened my well-being and sucked my savings. I then asked myself, do I deserve? I then continued not knowing realities because money lost in good is good. This story is no... [View Full Comment]
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Pat Armitstead May 25, 2012

My belief is that joy is all of it ...the very fact that we can experience all the emotions and can be at choice as to how we respond is joyful empowerment.  I like the whole notion of leading a happy, engaged and meaningful life...irrespective of current circumstances.  My radio program presents a holistic and integrated approach to wellbing, tapping into the sugnature strengths, multiple intelligences and using the art of improv ( acting) to be in the moment.  www.planetaudio.org.nz/radi...

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Rickaung May 25, 2012

The article completely misses the point about happiness. Happiness is never achieved by pursuing it. Achieving goals and material wealth gives a temporary feeling of well being but true happiness comes from within. The West seems obsessed with material gains and success believing when they have been achieved one will be happy but when one reaches the goal we change The goal Suggest listen to TED talk by Shawn Achor VERY FUNNY AND INFORMATIVE Check out this amazing TED Talk:

Shawn Achor: The happy secret to better work
http://www.ted.com/talks/sh...

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Kayce May 24, 2012

I have never met a person who is constantly in a happiness mode.  Most people that I had ever, met seem to have a range of emotions.  This sounds like an article one had to write to get their name on something just to say they have something in print.  What is the writer's definition of happiness?  I would think contentment would be a very nice goal in life and would create a balanced life as well.  This could also be described as happiness.  Can a happy person really be hindered to connect with those around them, Really? 

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Noor a.f May 24, 2012

@facebook-100002669703787:disqus  we always do many things but we have to balance them. No one can be 100% good. but what I know is that the more we try to be good the more we are.

I posted a comment to http://smartliving365.com/?...
about happiness am not sure if it waits published.

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Alex Mart May 24, 2012
This article caught my eye because it follows the kind of "too much good is bad" scare tactic of a lot of healthy living articles.I really relate with the part about the pursuit of happiness. I've always been the ambitious type, people-pleaser, cheerful host. Almost my whole life, I've poured my energy into APPEARING happy to make other people around me feel good, to make other people around me feel like I had everything under control and the world on my side.Especially once I began Health Coaching as a career, I wanted people to see that I'd figured it all out and was living the dream life. Behind closed doors, though, I was super stressed, I was binge eating sweets at night, I was feeling like a failure and a fraud, and was deeply UNhappy.It took a lot of work and opening to see how I needed to take time and energy to nourish myself, relax and feed my own soul. I was giving and working way too much - trying to be a happy success - and starving myself of the stuff a happy life is made... [View Full Comment]
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Favik May 24, 2012

what else can i say. it is all a bulk of good writig and composite combination of intellectual make-up. just really likes it.

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fhet May 24, 2012

I believe it is better to BE happy than to PURSUIT happiness. Being happy means for me, being content with my life, appreciating what is around me and experience life every second as a great gift and chance. This also includes changing things that make me angry. Enjoy your lifes, everyone! It is the only one we've got.

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Kathy @ SMART LIving 365.com May 24, 2012

I agree that the blind pursuit of happiness can be problematic--that's because we often have opposing definitions of what it really means.  That's why I wrote a blog post that defines happiness in a way that makes it more sense of well-being than just a giddy emotion...if interested, here is a link to the article....  http://smartliving365.com/?...  

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Noor a.f May 24, 2012
great science. I was one of the people who were know excited all the times. I was and I like to be happy always. Well, I agree to be more happy can make one loose creativity and loose the idea of making development. As I said I overdrive happiness but if am to employ a worker I would prefer one who doesn't overdrive happiness. I understood mine 2005 I then decided to remain middle at schools and workplaces and when free or a lone I like to look what interests me or pleases me. I had 5 face books where I followed events different names. Most of my friends I meet personally and some of them I follow facebook and they don't know am following them. Because they comment and expect me to socialize with them and I can't. So I understood I might open facebook once in a month , they would think am not respecting them. I try what I want to do and if I fail I feel like I need to be nowhere. That is why I decided to live earth as a famous person or a rich. Without the two I I can't say life is wo... [View Full Comment]
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Doreen Platt (Stumblinn) May 24, 2012
This is the first time I have ever seen an absolutely ridiculous article on one of my favorite sites (Daily Good).   Just one of the many things in it that made no sense was "People in this heightened ‘happiness overdrive’ mode engage in riskier behaviors and tend to disregard threats, including excessive alcohol consumption, binge eating, sexual promiscuity, and drug use."People who are happy do not engage in " excessive alcohol consumption, binge eating, sexual promiscuity, and drug use."   That type of behavior is what people who are seeking a way to hide from their unhappiness engage in. I drink no alcoholic beverages, eat a healthy vegetarian diet of 1200 - 1400 calories a day (I'm 4'8"), am celibate and use no recreational drugs.  When I have a day that I am feeling down, I simply examine what I am feeling and what is going on in my life and use a variety of spiritual practices to rebalance myself,  supplemented with a healthy dose of laughter yoga as needed.   No, I ... [View Full Comment]
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Rev Nagi Mato May 24, 2012

I found this article confusing and focusing more on 'mania' then anything else. Happiness is a personal thing and most times cannot be 'measured'. I find studies like this (in my personal opinion) to be a waste of time. Any study can be made to say whatever you wish it to say, depending on the outcome you are looking for.
I do agree that to feel 'too much' happiness takes one out of balance. I am more interested in balance, not just 'happiness'.

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wbblinn May 24, 2012

This is interesting...there is a Russian writer named Vadim Zeland who wrote the "Reality Transurfing" books in which he describes the downside of creating what he calls "excessive potentials"  The book is eaoteric in every way, but so much of what he says makes sense and reading this article made me think of his books.  At Manifesting Greatness we are always walking that fine line of wanting something but always from a place of knowing it is already there (otherwise we are putting out the vibration of lack, which then is matched by the outer factual world).  It is so fascinating how this external outer world is constantly reflecting back to us our inner state of being, the question is are you working to manipulate the outer world by seeking happiness outside yourself, or is the quest one that starts from, and unfolds from, within.  The only way "happiness" could possibly be bad for us is because we've forgotten its ultimate source

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Rosie May 24, 2012

Thanks for the article, I found it really encouraging! It is good to be reminded that the acceptance of the whole of life is where we find balance.  Also, I am reminded of a church seminar I attended a few years ago which was titled 'The Pursuit of Happiness?'  The main lesson I got from that seminar was that happiness is not so much a goal, but more a side effect of a balanced and holistically healthy life, of which conciously treating other people as you would like to be treated (aka kindness!), is an integral part.  I remember thinking as a child that if everybody looked out for everybody else then everybody would be looked after - I find it hard to argue with my ten year old logic, now I just have to remember to keep my end up in the grown up world, where not everyone plays by that rule!

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deborah j barnes May 24, 2012
instead "of pursuing happinessitself"..i find that acknowledging that i am part of the greater whole oflife and at once and the same a unique being (i am) gives  me the courage to believe in my self and myreason to be “here.” This opens the path of seeking  the "genie" the gift we are all bornwith that we are wired to share with the world. This whole vision thinkingcreates a happy that thrives on the risks taken in “true direction” and opensour minds to new possibilities as we grow into our “beingness”   As this resonates with "knowing" - a thoughtemotion convergence zone nestled physically in the core - you know it when youfeel it!! Getting past our cultural boundaries is the hardest part; the oldbeliefs are always ready to pull one under. Acknowledge and look for solutions that are beyond the "down" As you bring your gift forward, your strength and happiness expand, it is so worth it!  Then be grateful…thank the universe for the dance!Just experiment, see what un... [View Full Comment]
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Sharon May 24, 2012

Maybe I'm not seeing what the definition of happiness is in this article?  I consider myself happy, most of the time.  And I equate that with being content with my life.  I trust people until I am proven wrong, I try to see good in everyone, and sometimes that is difficult.  I also try not to judge and criticize, and sometimes that's pretty difficult too!  But all in all, I like my life, and I think I'm pretty happy with it.

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Michael West May 24, 2012

This article is poorly thought out and a real disappointment. If there are different kinds of happiness, why save that for point 3? It would make more sense to identify them at the outset and discuss how they may differ and create different challenges. Really, this reads like an off-the-cuff meandering across the topic, not something to be taken seriously.