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幸福的四种伤害方式

近年来,大量科学研究揭示了幸福等积极情绪对我们有益的方方面面。我们知道,它们能激励我们追求重要目标、克服障碍,保护我们免受压力的一些影响,拉近人与人之间的距离,甚至还能预防身心疾病。

这使得幸福成为了一种时尚。幸福科学登上了《时代周刊》、 《奥普拉脱口秀》甚至《经济学人》的封面,并催生了一个由励志演讲家、心理治疗师和研究机构组成的小型产业。这个名为“美好生活”(Greater Good )的网站收录了大约400篇关于幸福的文章,其育儿博客专门探讨如何培养快乐的孩子

显然,幸福很受欢迎。但幸福总是好事吗?幸福感过强是否也会带来负面影响?研究人员才刚刚开始认真探索这些问题,这并非没有道理:通过认识到幸福可能存在的弊端,我们能够更深入地理解幸福,并学会更好地促进更健康、更平衡的生活方式。

我和我的同事艾瑞斯·莫斯和玛雅·塔米尔一起回顾了关于幸福阴暗面的新兴科学研究,并就此主题开展了我们自己的研究。这些研究揭示了幸福可能对我们有害的四种方式。

1. 过度的快乐会让你变得缺乏创造力,也会降低安全感。

事实证明,过度追求幸福也是要付出代价的。

例如,我们常被告知,快乐可以打开思维,激发创造性思维,帮助我们解决问题或难题。当我们感到适度快乐时,情况的确如此。但根据马克·艾伦·戴维斯2008年对情绪与创造力关系的元分析,当人们体验到强烈甚至过量的快乐时,他们便不再能感受到同样的创造力提升。在躁狂等极端情况下,人们甚至会失去挖掘和运用内在创造力的能力。此外,心理学家芭芭拉·弗雷德里克森发现,过多的积极情绪——以及过少的消极情绪——会使人们在面对新的挑战时变得僵化。

过度的快乐不仅有时会抵消它带给我们的益处,甚至可能造成心理伤害。为什么呢?答案或许在于快乐的目的和功能。当我们感到快乐时,我们的注意力会转向生活中令人兴奋和积极的事物,以维持这种愉悦感。快乐时,我们也往往会减少束缚,更愿意探索新的可能性并承担风险。

将这种幸福感发挥到极致。想象一下,有人极度渴望关注周围的积极事物,并愿意承担巨大的风险。他们可能会忽略或忽视环境中的警告信号,或者即使外界迹象表明成功的可能性不大,仍然会采取大胆的行动和冒险的举措。

处于这种高度“快乐过载”状态的人更容易做出冒险行为,并且往往会忽视威胁,包括过度饮酒、暴饮暴食、性滥交和吸毒。1993年,心理学家霍华德·S·弗里德曼及其同事的一项研究发现,被家长和老师评价为“非常快乐”的学龄儿童,在成年后死亡风险更高,这或许是因为他们更倾向于冒险行为。

所有这些结果都指向一个结论:幸福最好是适度体验——既不能太少,也不能太多。

2.幸福并不适合每一种情况。

我们的情绪帮助我们适应新的环境、挑战和机遇。愤怒激励我们克服障碍;恐惧警示我们威胁并启动战斗或逃跑的应激反应;悲伤则预示着失去。这些情绪使我们能够在特定情境下满足特定的需求。

幸福也是如此——它帮助我们追求并实现重要目标,并鼓励我们与他人合作。但正如我们不希望在任何情况下都感到愤怒或悲伤一样,我们也不应该希望在任何情况下都体验到幸福。

正如心理学家查尔斯·卡弗所论证的那样,快乐等积极情绪会让我们觉得目标正在实现,从而让我们放慢脚步,退后一步,放松心态。正因如此,快乐反而会在竞争中对我们造成不利影响。玛雅·塔米尔的一项颇具启发性的研究发现,在玩竞技类电脑游戏时,心情愉悦的人表现不如心情愤怒的人。

在我自己的实验室里,我们发现,在不恰当的情境中体验到快乐的人——例如观看幼童哭泣的电影,或者观看《猜火车》中伊万·麦克格雷格在肮脏的、沾满粪便的厕所里翻找的场景——更容易患上躁狂症这种情绪障碍。

Josh Gosfield/Corbis

幸福要讲究时间和地点——它并不适合所有情况!

3. 并非所有类型的幸福都对你有益。

“幸福”虽然只是一个词,但它指的是各种各样的情感:有些让我们更有活力,有些让我们放慢脚步;有些让我们感觉与他人更亲近,有些让我们更慷慨。

但所有类型的幸福都能带来这些益处吗?似乎并非如此。事实上,对不同类型幸福进行更细致的分析表明,某些形式的幸福实际上可能正是功能失调的根源。

例如,自豪感就是一种令人愉悦的感觉,它与成就和提升的社会地位或等级相关。因此,它通常被视为一种积极的情绪,使我们更加关注自身。在某些情况下,例如赢得一项来之不易的奖项或获得工作晋升,自豪感是有益的。

然而,我与谢里·约翰逊和达彻·凯尔特纳的研究发现,当我们过度骄傲或毫无根据的骄傲时,会导致负面的社会后果,例如对他人的攻击性、反社会行为,甚至增加患躁狂症等情绪障碍的风险。我实验室目前正在进行的研究,由研究生希拉里·德夫林领导,支持这样一种引人入胜的观点:以自我为中心的积极情绪,例如骄傲,实际上可能会阻碍我们同理心,或者说,阻碍我们在他人情绪低落时从他人的角度看待问题。

结论是:某些类型的幸福有时可能会阻碍我们与周围人建立联系的能力。

4. 追求幸福反而可能让你不快乐。

不出所料,大多数人都渴望幸福。我们似乎天生就追求幸福,这一点对美国人来说尤其如此——甚至深深植根于我们的《独立宣言》之中。

然而,追求幸福真的健康吗?艾瑞斯·莫斯(Iris Mauss)的开创性研究最近支持了一种反直觉的观点:追求幸福实际上可能弊大于利。事实上,有时人们越是追求幸福,就越难获得幸福。莫斯的研究表明,人们越是努力追求幸福,就越有可能设定过高的幸福标准——然后在达不到这个标准时感到失望。这种情况在人们处于积极的情境中时尤为明显,例如聆听欢快的歌曲或观看积极的电影片段。仿佛一个人越是努力去体验幸福,就越难真正感受到幸福,即使在其他方面都很愉快的环境中也是如此。

我和我的同事们正在基于这项研究进行深入探讨,该研究表明,追求幸福也与严重的心理健康问题有关,例如抑郁症和双相情感障碍。或许,对幸福的执着追求实际上正在把我们中的一些人逼疯。

如何找到健康的幸福?

但我们究竟该如何获得适度的幸福感呢?这才是价值百万美元的问题。

首先,适量体验快乐至关重要。快乐过少和快乐过多一样有害。其次,快乐应分场合,体验快乐的背景和情境至关重要。第三,保持情绪平衡非常重要。快乐不能以牺牲负面情绪为代价,例如悲伤、愤怒或内疚。这些都是构成情绪健康的复杂因素,有助于我们获得更平和的心态。情绪平衡至关重要。

最后,追求和体验幸福的理由要正确。过分强调追求幸福本身反而会适得其反。与其苦苦寻觅幸福,我们不如努力接纳自己当下的情绪状态,无论它是什么。真正的幸福似乎源于善待他人——也善待自己。

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27 PAST RESPONSES

User avatar
me123 Jun 13, 2012

This is an interesting and controversial article. I love stuff like this. First of all I do believe that too much happiness can be unhealthy, in a sence that too much water is unhealthy. you can die from too much water but it has to be gallons at one time. I think that just like a relationship if you don't argue every once in a while then how are you going to know you truly love the person and care for them.  As human beings we need different emotions, happy, sad, frustrated, infuriating; Without these emotions we can not love because we dont know what is good and what is bad. With the persuite of happeness i think the article pined the nail on the donkey with that one, as for everything else, i think they did not word it properly.  

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MegGuest Jun 5, 2012
As I read comments that criticize the article, I generally agree: problems with definition of happiness, over-emphasis on mania, surprising and I think challengable link to excessive risk choices because "happiness" might block mindful self-care.  At least one comment mentions a general feeling of "contentment" as a description of what might be meant by "happiness", and this resonates with me.   Others might add "feeling in harmony with oneself and relationship to larger world".  Still others might add "feeling a general personal confidence about oneself in relationship to larger world."One negative aspect of "happiness" I was surprised to *not* find is mentioned, but not developed. This is a link between an individual "happiness" and reduced ability to empathize.  The possibility of such a link is worthy of thought.  The culture has been through a few decades of individuals pursuing personal development, with emphasis on "individual" and "personal" .   In general, to my obse... [View Full Comment]
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Noor a.f May 29, 2012

mr Stanford of today's daily was annoyed. ms Tippett, doesn't know even smallest provocation that made Standford behave such uncontrolled behavior. you know, I didn't do anything bad. So why frightening again. The saddest thing is that Ms can't guess why you write that but she can understand you are annoyed. Review the causes please instead using force or strangling an innocent miss. She doesn't know car accidents or anything bad happened to you but she understands that you felt pain which she didn't cause. if it is that small statements "woman spoke up"which she apologized, accept apologies.  If you would like Ms completely truss in you, you have to talk where you believe she doesn't. It is simple and if you continue spinal things, you are forcing a Ms to become Mr. Ms really feels that you have some type of pain but she didn't cause-trust her.

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Noor a.f May 29, 2012

@Jeanine, am listening please. thank you

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Happiness 1st May 29, 2012

Pursuing happiness is not "BEing happy".

You are doing a disservice to people by this article.

Emotions are a sense, like taste, touch, smell, hearing and seeing.

Emotions come in response to thoughts.

They also provide guidance from your "Higher Self".

Your Higher Self sends you a message that says "that is the right direction" when you think a thought that feels better than the last thought you thought.

When your new thought feels worse the message is "You're going the wrong way now.  Turn around."

It is as simple as this and not listening to the guidance is never the right choice.

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Noor a.f May 28, 2012

@travelmmn:disqus pursuing happiness doesn't cause the two. I posit there can be relations like my case where happiness is pursued in dread. What do you think, they need to pursue? Some are said need marriage, some doctors, some divine. What do you think, Travelmmn?  

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travelernnn May 28, 2012

The assertion that research suggests that pursuit of happiness is associated with serious mental health problems, such as depression and bipolar disorder implies that pursuing happiness causes these disorders, but I would hope researchers would look into causality. I would posit that people with depression or bipolar disorder are more likely to pursue happiness, as they feel this is what they lack, which would lead to this association, not the other way around.  

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Noor a.f May 27, 2012

@3f80abfeff1e02b26cdef8954007e98c:disqus it was not wasted time. It was to knowledge and others might benefited it.
Thank you  

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Sundisilver May 27, 2012

As I was reading this, all I could think about was how wasteful is to spend so much time THINKING about why happiness is not good instead of just going out and living your life and stumbling onto little happy moments betwixt and between the others.   And then remembering to appreciate them instead of stopping to ask yourself if this is a happy moment or is this a moment that's not really good for me.   I think too much thinking about it sorta ruins the whole experience. 

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Noor a.f May 26, 2012

today's dailygood got me right. I remember operating a store of scientific research age 17. Mine wasn't nuclear but animals esp insects. My big problem was how I could keep people away from the store of the study. I was exactly like Taylor because the word "can't" I don't believe. Hazmat team and arrest isn't known and  never liked. It is always good to make understandable because one might cleaned family's contaminated for may be another family.what is the other please?catastrophic result? that is scaring and is not known. well, Taylor is with you and feels sorry for your time. Well, Washington can't say 'get this very small to die or to live with it for being honesty and stupid awesome."
 The story interested me I had forehead and eyes pain I thought Computer caused but didn't feel while I was reading today's daily.
Thank you

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Noor a.f May 25, 2012
@Kayee, well, I give my definition to the website of last night. Didn't it publish? I wrote a lot of explanations. And happy people connect people around them. but if happy people are busy on things they don't. it is a meaningful question. @be276523f26ecbd80bf429fabaafa852:disqus  , I followed the link but mbs ended anyway it was interesting how the guy talked. I will update unlimited internet. West striving materials, they are right because I one time tried a woman near her car. she was standing and I was practicing accent I just copied from a movie. So I wanted to greet her yet she saw me before. She just looked very innocent and changed the direction. I was really embarrassed because my intention wasn't to cause inconvenience. I then thought of how such issue could be addressed. I started a work. The work then threatened my well-being and sucked my savings. I then asked myself, do I deserve? I then continued not knowing realities because money lost in good is good. This story is no... [View Full Comment]
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Pat Armitstead May 25, 2012

My belief is that joy is all of it ...the very fact that we can experience all the emotions and can be at choice as to how we respond is joyful empowerment.  I like the whole notion of leading a happy, engaged and meaningful life...irrespective of current circumstances.  My radio program presents a holistic and integrated approach to wellbing, tapping into the sugnature strengths, multiple intelligences and using the art of improv ( acting) to be in the moment.  www.planetaudio.org.nz/radi...

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Rickaung May 25, 2012

The article completely misses the point about happiness. Happiness is never achieved by pursuing it. Achieving goals and material wealth gives a temporary feeling of well being but true happiness comes from within. The West seems obsessed with material gains and success believing when they have been achieved one will be happy but when one reaches the goal we change The goal Suggest listen to TED talk by Shawn Achor VERY FUNNY AND INFORMATIVE Check out this amazing TED Talk:

Shawn Achor: The happy secret to better work
http://www.ted.com/talks/sh...

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Kayce May 24, 2012

I have never met a person who is constantly in a happiness mode.  Most people that I had ever, met seem to have a range of emotions.  This sounds like an article one had to write to get their name on something just to say they have something in print.  What is the writer's definition of happiness?  I would think contentment would be a very nice goal in life and would create a balanced life as well.  This could also be described as happiness.  Can a happy person really be hindered to connect with those around them, Really? 

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Noor a.f May 24, 2012

@facebook-100002669703787:disqus  we always do many things but we have to balance them. No one can be 100% good. but what I know is that the more we try to be good the more we are.

I posted a comment to http://smartliving365.com/?...
about happiness am not sure if it waits published.

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Alex Mart May 24, 2012
This article caught my eye because it follows the kind of "too much good is bad" scare tactic of a lot of healthy living articles.I really relate with the part about the pursuit of happiness. I've always been the ambitious type, people-pleaser, cheerful host. Almost my whole life, I've poured my energy into APPEARING happy to make other people around me feel good, to make other people around me feel like I had everything under control and the world on my side.Especially once I began Health Coaching as a career, I wanted people to see that I'd figured it all out and was living the dream life. Behind closed doors, though, I was super stressed, I was binge eating sweets at night, I was feeling like a failure and a fraud, and was deeply UNhappy.It took a lot of work and opening to see how I needed to take time and energy to nourish myself, relax and feed my own soul. I was giving and working way too much - trying to be a happy success - and starving myself of the stuff a happy life is made... [View Full Comment]
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Favik May 24, 2012

what else can i say. it is all a bulk of good writig and composite combination of intellectual make-up. just really likes it.

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fhet May 24, 2012

I believe it is better to BE happy than to PURSUIT happiness. Being happy means for me, being content with my life, appreciating what is around me and experience life every second as a great gift and chance. This also includes changing things that make me angry. Enjoy your lifes, everyone! It is the only one we've got.

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Kathy @ SMART LIving 365.com May 24, 2012

I agree that the blind pursuit of happiness can be problematic--that's because we often have opposing definitions of what it really means.  That's why I wrote a blog post that defines happiness in a way that makes it more sense of well-being than just a giddy emotion...if interested, here is a link to the article....  http://smartliving365.com/?...  

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Noor a.f May 24, 2012
great science. I was one of the people who were know excited all the times. I was and I like to be happy always. Well, I agree to be more happy can make one loose creativity and loose the idea of making development. As I said I overdrive happiness but if am to employ a worker I would prefer one who doesn't overdrive happiness. I understood mine 2005 I then decided to remain middle at schools and workplaces and when free or a lone I like to look what interests me or pleases me. I had 5 face books where I followed events different names. Most of my friends I meet personally and some of them I follow facebook and they don't know am following them. Because they comment and expect me to socialize with them and I can't. So I understood I might open facebook once in a month , they would think am not respecting them. I try what I want to do and if I fail I feel like I need to be nowhere. That is why I decided to live earth as a famous person or a rich. Without the two I I can't say life is wo... [View Full Comment]
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Doreen Platt (Stumblinn) May 24, 2012
This is the first time I have ever seen an absolutely ridiculous article on one of my favorite sites (Daily Good).   Just one of the many things in it that made no sense was "People in this heightened ‘happiness overdrive’ mode engage in riskier behaviors and tend to disregard threats, including excessive alcohol consumption, binge eating, sexual promiscuity, and drug use."People who are happy do not engage in " excessive alcohol consumption, binge eating, sexual promiscuity, and drug use."   That type of behavior is what people who are seeking a way to hide from their unhappiness engage in. I drink no alcoholic beverages, eat a healthy vegetarian diet of 1200 - 1400 calories a day (I'm 4'8"), am celibate and use no recreational drugs.  When I have a day that I am feeling down, I simply examine what I am feeling and what is going on in my life and use a variety of spiritual practices to rebalance myself,  supplemented with a healthy dose of laughter yoga as needed.   No, I ... [View Full Comment]
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Rev Nagi Mato May 24, 2012

I found this article confusing and focusing more on 'mania' then anything else. Happiness is a personal thing and most times cannot be 'measured'. I find studies like this (in my personal opinion) to be a waste of time. Any study can be made to say whatever you wish it to say, depending on the outcome you are looking for.
I do agree that to feel 'too much' happiness takes one out of balance. I am more interested in balance, not just 'happiness'.

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wbblinn May 24, 2012

This is interesting...there is a Russian writer named Vadim Zeland who wrote the "Reality Transurfing" books in which he describes the downside of creating what he calls "excessive potentials"  The book is eaoteric in every way, but so much of what he says makes sense and reading this article made me think of his books.  At Manifesting Greatness we are always walking that fine line of wanting something but always from a place of knowing it is already there (otherwise we are putting out the vibration of lack, which then is matched by the outer factual world).  It is so fascinating how this external outer world is constantly reflecting back to us our inner state of being, the question is are you working to manipulate the outer world by seeking happiness outside yourself, or is the quest one that starts from, and unfolds from, within.  The only way "happiness" could possibly be bad for us is because we've forgotten its ultimate source

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Rosie May 24, 2012

Thanks for the article, I found it really encouraging! It is good to be reminded that the acceptance of the whole of life is where we find balance.  Also, I am reminded of a church seminar I attended a few years ago which was titled 'The Pursuit of Happiness?'  The main lesson I got from that seminar was that happiness is not so much a goal, but more a side effect of a balanced and holistically healthy life, of which conciously treating other people as you would like to be treated (aka kindness!), is an integral part.  I remember thinking as a child that if everybody looked out for everybody else then everybody would be looked after - I find it hard to argue with my ten year old logic, now I just have to remember to keep my end up in the grown up world, where not everyone plays by that rule!

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deborah j barnes May 24, 2012
instead "of pursuing happinessitself"..i find that acknowledging that i am part of the greater whole oflife and at once and the same a unique being (i am) gives  me the courage to believe in my self and myreason to be “here.” This opens the path of seeking  the "genie" the gift we are all bornwith that we are wired to share with the world. This whole vision thinkingcreates a happy that thrives on the risks taken in “true direction” and opensour minds to new possibilities as we grow into our “beingness”   As this resonates with "knowing" - a thoughtemotion convergence zone nestled physically in the core - you know it when youfeel it!! Getting past our cultural boundaries is the hardest part; the oldbeliefs are always ready to pull one under. Acknowledge and look for solutions that are beyond the "down" As you bring your gift forward, your strength and happiness expand, it is so worth it!  Then be grateful…thank the universe for the dance!Just experiment, see what un... [View Full Comment]
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Sharon May 24, 2012

Maybe I'm not seeing what the definition of happiness is in this article?  I consider myself happy, most of the time.  And I equate that with being content with my life.  I trust people until I am proven wrong, I try to see good in everyone, and sometimes that is difficult.  I also try not to judge and criticize, and sometimes that's pretty difficult too!  But all in all, I like my life, and I think I'm pretty happy with it.

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Michael West May 24, 2012

This article is poorly thought out and a real disappointment. If there are different kinds of happiness, why save that for point 3? It would make more sense to identify them at the outset and discuss how they may differ and create different challenges. Really, this reads like an off-the-cuff meandering across the topic, not something to be taken seriously.