
一个世纪前,像安德鲁·卡内基这样的实业家认为达尔文的理论为残酷竞争和不平等的经济模式提供了正当理由。他们留给我们的是一种意识形态遗产,即财富集中在少数人手中的企业经济模式最有利于人类。这始终是对达尔文思想的歪曲。他在1871年出版的《人类的由来》一书中论证,人类之所以能够成功,是因为人类拥有分享和同情等特质。他写道:“那些拥有最多最具同情心成员的群体,将会发展得最好,并繁衍出最多的后代。”达尔文并非经济学家,但与主导当代企业生活的精英主义和等级制度相比,财富共享与合作似乎更符合他对人类生存的观察。
近150年后,现代科学证实了达尔文早期的洞见,并对我们当今社会的商业运作方式产生了直接影响。美国心理学家、德国莱比锡马克斯·普朗克进化人类学研究所联合主任迈克尔·托马塞洛(Michael Tomasello)的最新同行评审研究,综合了三十年的研究成果,构建了一套关于人类合作的全面进化理论。由此,我们能从中领悟到关于分享的哪些真谛?
托马塞洛认为,人类独特的相互依存关系经历了两个关键步骤。第一步关乎谁来赴宴。大约两百万年前,一种名为能人(Homo habilis)的早期物种出现在非洲大平原上。与此同时,全球气候变冷,形成了广袤的开放环境。这场气候变化最终迫使我们的人类祖先要么适应新的生活方式,要么彻底灭绝。由于他们缺乏捕猎大型猎物的能力,例如早更新世时期凶猛的食肉动物,他们最终的解决办法是食用近期死亡的大型哺乳动物的尸体。对这一时期化石骨骼的分析表明,食肉动物的牙齿痕迹上覆盖着石器切割的痕迹。现代人类的祖先似乎总是姗姗来迟。

然而,这种生存策略带来了一系列全新的挑战:个体现在必须协调彼此的行为,互相合作,并学会分享。对于生活在茂密雨林中的猿类来说,寻找成熟的水果和坚果主要是一项个人活动。但在平原上,我们的祖先需要群体出行才能生存,而从单一动物尸体上获取食物的行为迫使原始人类学会彼此容忍,并公平地分配食物。这导致了一种有利于合作的社会选择:“试图独占所有食物的个体将会受到其他个体的强烈排斥,”托马塞洛写道,“或许还会受到其他方面的排斥。”
这种进化遗留的影响至今仍体现在我们人类的行为中,尤其是在那些年纪尚小、尚未被灌输公平观念的儿童身上。例如,在2011年发表于《自然》杂志的一项研究中,人类学家卡塔琳娜·哈曼及其同事发现,如果3岁儿童通过合作而非个人劳动或完全不劳动获得食物,他们会更公平地分享食物。相比之下,黑猩猩在不同的情境下分享食物的方式并无差异;它们不一定会单独囤积食物,但它们也不认为合作的价值。托马塞洛认为,这意味着人类进化使我们倾向于合作,并赋予我们一种直觉,即合作理应获得同等的回报。
托马塞洛理论的第二步直接引出了哪些类型的企业和经济更符合人类进化规律的问题。当然,人类拥有极其庞大的人口规模——远超其他灵长类动物。正是人类的合作倾向使得群体得以不断壮大,并最终演变为部落社会。
与其他灵长类动物相比,人类发展出了更强大的心理适应能力,使他们能够迅速识别自己群体的成员(通过独特的行为、传统或语言形式),并在追求共同目标的过程中发展出共同的文化认同。
托马塞洛说:“结果是一种新型的相互依存和群体意识,它远远超越了小规模合作的共同意图,达到了整个社会层面的集体意图。”
这对当今各种商业形式意味着什么?企业工作场所可能与我们的进化根源不符,也可能不利于我们人类的长期发展。企业文化自上而下地强制推行统一性,贯穿整个组织。但合作社——一种由一群成员拥有企业并制定运营规则的金融模式——是一种与我们物种的集体部落传统有很多共同之处的现代机构。工人合作社具有地域特色,并围绕其成员组织起来。因此,工人合作社发展出独特的文化,根据托马塞洛的理论,这种文化有望更好地促进所有成员之间的共同身份认同。这种共同身份认同会在无需集中控制的情况下带来更大的信任和协作。

此外,公司的结构本身就是造成员工疏离和不满的根源。人类进化出了迅速形成集体意愿的能力,这种能力能够激励群体成员追求共同目标。“一旦形成共同目标,”托马塞洛说,“人们就会全身心投入其中。”然而,法律要求公司为投资者实现利润最大化。公司员工的共同目标并非造福自身所在的社区,而是造福与他们的生活和劳动毫无关联的遥远金融家群体。
然而,由于工人所有制合作社致力于为成员创造最大价值,合作社由当地社区运营并服务于当地社区——这一目标更符合我们的进化本能。正如达尔文在《人类的由来》中所总结的那样,“更持久的社会本能战胜了不那么持久的本能。”随着工人所有制合作社在全球范围内日益普及,我们最终或许会见证卡内基“竞争法则”的瓦解,以及人类回归其长期以来赖以生存的合作环境。
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This all makes sense but with a caveat: some cooperatives are poorly run and lack a truly cooperative culture, while some companies are well run and have developed quite a cooperative culture. It makes total sense to me that worker ownership, along with some version of social responsibility to the wider community, is the best foundation for cooperation. But the skills required for cooperating can be hard to develop, since most of us were raised in competitive cultures and lots of us have suffered traumas and hardships. Ownership is only part of it. Healing from trauma, and the development of cooperative practices are critical.
Very inspiring article - thanks for writing this, Eric. I am one of 50 co-owners at a worker cooperative called Namaste Solar based in Colorado. Your article reflects many of the reasons why we started our company as a cooperative and many of the wonderful experiences we've all had working together here in a cooperative manner. Our experience since we started the company 8 years ago has strengthened our belief that this is indeed a better and more healthy way to do business than the conventional norm. Thanks for providing these new perspectives!! Best Regards, Blake Jones
Good read. I mention a few thoughts here. It is good to realize that underneath this fast-paced world that we live today in, there exists a co-operative skeletal framework established from the evolution of the primitive man, and that that framework has been the reason behind the survival of the human race till the present day. It is shockingly true that the current pace and trend, especially the so-called developmental revolutions will take the world to a state of chaos soon, and only a deliberate effort from every individual and corporate of us to strengthen the forgotten framework of social and environmental harmony will take us forward, ahead in the race against time.
Beginning of the Sustainable World - j.mp/Wptln4
Stakeholders in the Port Orford Community Stewardship Area are beginning to take transformative action. Perhaps the most important part of their efforts lie with successfully engaging and educating not just the “industry pros,” but the public on the real meaning of the triple-bottom-line principles of “people, planet and profit.”
To do so they held a conference, film and music forum to promote and educate people on sustainability on the southern Oregon coast. The public event included presentations from Port Orford Mayor Jim Auborn and newly elected Curry County Commissioners Susan Brown and David Smith, as well as a gifting of one of the world’s first clones from a champion redwood tree to the local Port Orford/Langlois High School from Ocean Mountain Ranch and Archangel Ancient Tree Archive. Together, they covered the subject of the need for and what a triple-bottom-line approach really is.
The goals of this event were to increase participant knowledge, and encourage partnerships within the area in a “triple bottom line” approach to a people-planet-profit philosophy for community sustainability....
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