Economegydd datblygu blaenllaw yn siarad ar rinweddau a chyfyngiadau dull sy'n cael ei yrru gan ddata i wella problemau mwyaf anhydrin y byd
Reuters
A yw rhwydi gwely am ddim mewn rhai gwledydd yn arwain at fwy o achosion o falaria? A allai tabledi gwrth-barasit gynyddu presenoldeb ysgol mewn un wlad a chael dim effaith mewn gwlad arall? Pa mor rhad y mae'n rhaid i ofal ataliol fod i deuluoedd incwm isel weld y meddyg?
Efallai nad oes ffordd berffaith o ateb y cwestiynau dyrys hyn fesul gwlad. Ond mae rhai gwyddonwyr blaenllaw yn meddwl bod yr ateb mwyaf trwyadl yn dod o'r hyn maen nhw'n ei alw'n "dreialon rheoledig ar hap."
Mae Esther Duflo yn cael ei chydnabod yn eang fel eiriolwr mwyaf blaenllaw'r byd ar gyfer treialon rheoledig ar hap mewn economeg datblygu. Fel methodoleg, mae RCTs wedi cael eu defnyddio ers dros hanner canrif mewn meddygaeth glinigol, lle mae effaith cyffur neu driniaeth feddygol yn cael ei gadarnhau neu ei wadu mewn arbrofion gwyddonol sy'n cynnwys grwpiau rheoli a thriniaeth. Mae'r defnydd o RCTs i fynd i'r afael â thlodi byd-eang yn ffenomen yn ystod y degawd diwethaf, ond mae wedi dal ymlaen â grym newid patrwm mewn economeg, polisi cyhoeddus, a disgyblaethau eraill.
Y llynedd, cyhoeddodd Duflo* a’i chyd-gynllwyniwr yn J-PAL, Abhijit Banerjee, lyfr o’r enw Poor Economics: A Radical Rehinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty . Mae'r llyfr yn bwrw golwg dros lawer o'r hyn y maent wedi'i ddysgu trwy RCTs ac fel arall, ac mae'n honni mwy yn erbyn "atebion cyffredinol mawr" a "chasgliadau ysgubol" am dlodi. Yn hytrach, maent yn argymell dull sy'n cael ei yrru gan ddata sy'n ceisio atebion penodol, wedi'u targedu i'r hyn sy'n gweithio mewn gwirionedd, yr hyn sy'n gweithio'n well, a'r hyn sy'n gweithio'n gost-effeithiol. Fel methodoleg, mae RCTs wedi cael eu defnyddio ers dros hanner canrif mewn meddygaeth glinigol, lle mae effaith cyffur neu driniaeth feddygol yn cael ei gadarnhau neu ei wadu mewn arbrofion gwyddonol sy'n cynnwys grwpiau rheoli a thriniaeth. Mae'r defnydd o RCTs i fynd i'r afael â thlodi byd-eang yn ffenomen yn ystod y degawd diwethaf, ond mae wedi dal ymlaen â grym newid patrwm mewn economeg, polisi cyhoeddus, a disgyblaethau eraill.
Ar ôl cael fy hyfforddi fel ffisegydd a pheiriannydd, rwy’n gwerthfawrogi ac yn cefnogi dull gwyddonol Duflo o frwydro yn erbyn tlodi. (Datgeliad llawn: rydw i ar fwrdd Innovations for Poverty Action, partner agos J-PAL.) Eto i gyd, wrth ddarllen y llyfr, daeth dau beth i'r meddwl dro ar ôl tro: Yn gyntaf, mae'r wyddoniaeth orau yn gofyn am theori cymaint ag arbrofi. Dim ond mesur, nid gwybodaeth, yw data heb ddamcaniaeth dda, ac mae theori bwerus yn aml yn ysgubol. Fel mater ymarferol yn unig, mae theori yn helpu i'n cynnal pan fo gennym ddiffyg data. Yn ail, mae Duflo a Banerjee yn ymddangos yn anghyfforddus gyda'u safiad eu hunain yn erbyn atebion mawreddog. Mae'r rhan fwyaf o benodau'r llyfr yn cloi gydag adrannau sy'n gwneud datganiadau cyffredinol am iechyd y cyhoedd, addysg, microgyllid, ac entrepreneuriaeth, yn aml heb eu hategu'n llwyr gan arbrawf. Serch hynny, mae eu pennod olaf, o'r enw "In Place of a Sweeping Collection," yn cynnig pum datganiad bras am bobl dlawd ledled y byd.
Gofynnais rai cwestiynau i Duflo am RCTs a'i llyfr dros e-bost ...
KT : Yn eich barn chi, beth yw cyfraniad mwyaf y RhCT hyd yn hyn at ddatblygiad rhyngwladol?
ED : Yn gyntaf, yr ydym wedi gwneud llawer o gynnydd ar ddadleuon y byddem yn dal i fod yn eu trafod yn ddiddiwedd yn ôl pob tebyg: A yw rhoi rhwydi gwely i ffwrdd am ddim yn annog pobl i beidio â'u defnyddio? A yw prisiau heb fod yn sero yn annog pobl i beidio â defnyddio gofal ataliol? Yn ail, rydym wedi nodi rhai ymyriadau addawol, ac mae’r rheini’n dechrau cael eu huwchraddio, gyda diffyg llyngyr yn enghraifft wych. [KT: Mae atal llyngyr yn cyfeirio at dabledi gwrth-barasitiaid y dangoswyd eu bod, o’u rhoi i blant, yn cynyddu presenoldeb yn yr ysgol.] Yn drydydd, rydym wedi cronni digon o wybodaeth mewn rhai meysydd (addysg gynradd, er enghraifft) ein bod yn dechrau cael golwg systemig eang ar broblemau ac atebion. Yn bedwerydd, efallai yn bwysicaf oll, mae pwysigrwydd rhoi cynnig ar bethau dan sylw manwl, gadael y posibilrwydd o fethiant yn agored, bellach yn cael ei gydnabod yn fwy o fewn llywodraethau a sefydliadau. Rwy'n meddwl y gallai'r newid hwn mewn diwylliant droi allan i fod y cyfraniad mwyaf yn y tymor hir.
KT : Beth yw'r her fwyaf yn y ffordd y mae RCTs yn cael eu cynnal, eu dehongli, neu eu trafod yn ymarferol? Neu, i ofyn y cwestiwn mewn ffordd wahanol, pa arfer dominyddol o fewn y gymuned o bobl sy'n rhedeg neu'n darllen am RCTs y byddech chi fwyaf eisiau ei newid?
ED : Does gen i ddim llawer i gwyno amdano mewn gwirionedd. Rwy'n meddwl ar hyn o bryd, mae pobl yn bod yn greadigol iawn, yn ceisio gwthio'r ffiniau i sawl cyfeiriad: gan ymgorffori mwy o theori, cyfuno modelau strwythurol ac arbrofi, cyfuno "arbrawf labordy" gyda RhCT, ceisio pethau beiddgar iawn fel hapnodi'r cyflogau ar gyfer gweision sifil.
Rwyf hefyd wedi fy nghalonogi gan y ffordd y mae’r defnydd o RCTs yn mynd i mewn i gylchoedd polisi, ond yno mae gennyf un broblem: rwy’n meddwl bod llunwyr polisi yn fodlon defnyddio arbrofion i gyfiawnhau gwneud rhywbeth, ond yr hyn nad ydym yn ei weld eto, yw defnydd difrifol o arbrawf i docio polisïau.
KT : Pan gymerais gyrsiau economeg fel myfyriwr israddedig, cofiaf fod llawer o econometrig yn ymgais i dynnu esboniadau achosol o ddata yn union yn yr achosion hynny pan oedd RhCTs yn anymarferol. Ymddengys mai'r rhagdybiaeth ymhlyg oedd y byddai RCTs wedi bod yn ddelfrydol, ond yn eu habsenoldeb, roedd angen econometrigau cymhleth. A yw hwn yn ddehongliad rhesymol o fethodoleg economaidd, ac os felly, pam yr ydych yn meddwl ei bod wedi cymryd cyhyd i economeg datblygu gofleidio RhCTs?
ED : Rwy'n meddwl, yn rhannol, efallai ein bod ni fel maes wedi tybio ei fod yn anoddach neu'n ddrytach nag yr oedd mewn gwirionedd. Gwir ergyd Michael Kremer o athrylith oedd rhoi cynnig ar RCTs ar gyllideb fach. Yna, pan ddechreuodd llawer ohonom, wedi'n calonogi gan ei esiampl, wneud gwaith tebyg, fe wnaethom ddysgu'n raddol yr hyn y mae pobl wedi'i wybod ers amser maith mewn meysydd gwyddonol eraill: bod posibiliadau i godi arian ar gyfer astudiaethau academaidd. Felly dechreuon ni godi mwy o arian. Gyda'i gilydd, agorodd y ddau fewnwelediad hyn y maes cyfan.
KT : Yn eich llyfr, rydych yn dadlau’n gryf yn erbyn damcaniaethau trosfwaol datblygiad rhyngwladol, y gellid eu dehongli fel cydnabyddiaeth ymhlyg o gymhlethdod llwyr datblygiad. Eto i gyd, mae RCTs mewn economeg datblygu yn aml yn RCTs o ymddygiad dynol mewn cyd-destunau penodol. A ydych, felly, yn awgrymu na all fod damcaniaethau trosfwaol am ymddygiad dynol?
ED : Yn bendant, gall fod mewnwelediadau damcaniaethol, rydym yn cloi gyda rhai yn y llyfr. Ond nid oes un fframwaith mawr sy’n mynd i allu esbonio popeth, nac ateb mawr i bopeth.
KT : Er bod cytundeb bras ar nodau datblygiad rhyngwladol, yn aml mae gan unigolion syniadau gwahanol ynghylch y dibenion terfynol. Mae rhai pobl yn meddwl ei fod yn rhyw lefel o gyflawniad economaidd i bob gwlad; mae eraill yn meddwl ei fod yn ofal iechyd ac addysg gyffredinol; mae eraill yn dal i feddwl mai cyfiawnder cymdeithasol ydyw; ac ati. A oes gennych nod terfynol mewn golwg yr ydych yn gweithio tuag ato?
ED : Dydw i ddim yn siŵr bod gen i farn ar hyn, nac y dylwn. Rwy'n meddwl y dylai'r nodau gael eu gosod gan y broses wleidyddol, yn ôl yr hyn y mae cymdeithas yn ei ddymuno ar ryw adeg yn bwysig. Efallai bod gennyf fy marn fy hun ar yr hyn sy’n bwysig mewn bywyd, ond nid wyf yn athronydd, ac nid wyf yn teimlo mai fy ngwaith i yw dweud wrth bobl beth y dylent feddwl sy’n bwysig. Rwy'n meddwl mai gwaith economegydd ddylai fod i helpu unigolion neu gymdeithasau (drwy eu llunwyr polisi) i gyrraedd y nodau hyn, ar ôl iddynt gael eu gosod.
***
Beth bynnag, mae Poor Economics yn rhywbeth y mae'n rhaid ei ddarllen i unrhyw un sydd â diddordeb mewn datblygu rhyngwladol, ac mae newydd gael ei ryddhau mewn clawr meddal. P'un a ydych chi'n credu mewn damcaniaethau mawreddog ai peidio, mae'n anodd gwadu gwerth data ac arsylwi gofalus. Mae Banerjee a Duflo yn llenwi eu llyfr â mewnwelediadau caled o brofiad personol ac astudiaeth wyddonol. Ac, er gwaethaf y ffaith bod Duflo wedi ildio ei hamcanion moesol i athroniaeth a'r byd cyhoeddus, mae ei hangerdd rhesymegol dros helpu cymunedau tlawd ledled y byd i'w deimlo ar bob tudalen.
______
* Mae Duflo yn rhoi clod hael i’w chydweithiwr, economegydd Harvard Michael Kremer, am roi hwb i’r don ddiweddar o RCTs mewn datblygiad rhyngwladol, ond ei hymdrechion diflino hi yw hi, gyda hwb gan roddwr eponymaidd Lab Gweithredu Tlodi Abdul Latif Jameel (J-PAL) yn MIT sydd wedi gwneud RCTs i gyd ond yn brif ffrwd.
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They all necessary. there was another comment disappeared before I made reply. I know there are a lot of things that make harder things. To point first one is trust and it is the backbone of everything. So without going long way of trying tiresome points, tell simplest and reason. Not doing so is lack of trust of the simple ways.
"we prefer the NGO work to be this way because that way is not best for such...such...such.."
You can put it like that way but if you go as far as 1 million pages is lack of trust.
If there are certain ways of doing things and you know works best then say the.
You didn't cause any problem but some fear and it happens because of authority.
I really don't tolerate violence but when I look the feelings of my actions I feel what innocent Asians would feel like. It was intended the woman who spoke up to be in as cases would be worked. So that she would learn how to respect human feelings and laws but money launderer might saved.
Well, I am not complaining anything. I just want to satisfy all parts and expect some peace.
[Hide Full Comment]A couple of things: if you have no food and shelter, you die. If you have no access to health care and hygiene, your life span is severely shortened. If you have no access to education, it's almost impossible to be a part of the solution. So from a purely 'common sense' point of view, I wouldn't have thought the basic necessities of life such as food, shelter, health and education were basics that could be left out of any RTCs. Do we really need to spend time and money figuring out if a 'society' really wants these things?
Well, it seems there had been misunderstandings about what to be done and how to be done. Woman is repressed and if she would have known that it is as simple as this she would have owned google seach "N.A" long ago. Well, we teach only what you say and only how you say. Just make next step, it is that I was called today by someone I last knew was in Nairobi and now is very far, Finland. I recognized her voice before I changed mine because I was in Sale and couldn't ask money nor could I let her know it was me. So I had 3 feeling at one time...So i started to feel shame.
Anyway, our NGO can teach Buddhism, Jews and whatever else you like. Make a progress and I don't mind much about it. All I need is to be on google search for dignity and make something that has value.
Are we together? It is just that simple if you can make and understand people who are left behind.
More information please contact us:
enkosariverschool@gmail.com
WELCOME FRIENDS
saladgsÞwgvtþRBH\nÞekasa
ENKOSA RIVER SCHOOL
We are all
very happy to welcome you all to Enkosa River School, Enkosa Buddhist Pagoda,
Siem Reap.
The School
is for ALL local children, teenagers and adults completely free of charge.
They come to
lessons 5 days a week to learn and improve their foreign language
skills...mainly the English Language...to give them better opportunities of a
good job in tourism in the future here or maybe work or study abroad.
1. THE SCHOOL
Opened in
November 2010 and currently has 8 classes nightly and around 150 regular happy
students
ranging from
3 years of age to 30!
We employ 3
Part Time Khmer Teachers on a modest salary and rely on volunteer native
speakers...now 100 per cent English Native Speakers , usually students who stay
a week or two or sometimes fully qualified teachers who have some free time who
live in Siem Reap.
Educating
the students in a mature, interesting and fun way.
We receive
no funding from either the Cambodian Goverment nor the Local Siem Reap
Administration or any NGO's.
We TOTALLY
100% rely on donations, mainly small donations from tourists who visit the
Pagoda on their way back from Angkor Wat and some small donations from mainly
good hearted individuals from overseas.
We ALWAYS in
NEED of DONATIONS either, financial assistance for the everyday running costs (
e.g. electricity, computer and internet
access for knowledge and lesson plans, water for the children, marker pens, ink
printer,books, pencils, crayons, first aid supplies, etc etc) and volunteer
helpers time.
Currently
our monthly running costs are roughly 270 US Dollars.
This breaks
down as such:
3 khmer Part
Time Trainer Teachers Salaries $30 each......$90
Electricity..Internet
Access Printer Ink PC's ...... $80..
water, marker
pens ink paper exercise books etc...$70
Emergency
Monies...Repairs First Aid Supplies..Possible sickness of a pupil or volunteer
etc... $30 …This budget needs at least doubling as a recent event in the
emergency treatment and hospitalization of one of our regular and more
experienced volunteers, high lighted a problem that needs
addressing..Thankfully he is back with us Teaching and helping train volunteers
and some development work.
THE School Moving Forward
We have put our TRUST IN BUDDHA , to help us improve the
facilities here for our beloved Children and Students.
Although
they receive a very good basic and
beyond education in a safe, friendly, loving environment, truthfully our class
rooms are totally inadequate especially in the monsoon season, where classes
could only take place on dry evenings last year.
Also there
is no reason what so ever with the right structure that the Education our
Students receive, can and will be just as good if not better than any offered
by the fee paying English Language Schools for the Children of the elite here
in Siem Reap.
Now hopefully
sooner than later we want to rebuild the Class rooms providing spacious
comfortable inside class rooms on the second floor with a multi purpose meeting
and performance room, School office and modern toilets on the ground floor,
extended to 9 metres by 28 metres, the architects plans will be finished for
April 24th.
The cost was
$180 after a 10% discount..money we need to recoup quickly.
Once again
we would like to thank the wonderful students of Students Against Poverty Group
Huonville High School Tasmania, for
leaving a cash donation of 1,400 Australian Dollars towards the new School’s
foundations.
The toilets
will also be a great help as possible sponsors at the moment have no decent
toilet facilities to use here, maybe needing to go back to their hotels when
with decent modern facilities here they may have had more time to get a feel
for our good work.
As you are
aware both materials and construction and labour costs here are very very low
compared to 1st World Countries.
2. THE LIBARY
Built in
July 2011 mostly funded and supported by Students Against Poverty Group
Huonville High School Tasmania.
It has been a
marvellous success helping all the students and volunteers to prepare
interesting lesson plans.
We currently have two
computers for student use and development, we need at least 2 more.
We are in
urgent need of more relevant English books especially 2 or 3 editions of up to date text books, The Mega
Goal Series, a major success in both Thai Government Schools and now the more
Modern Language Schools in Phom Penh swear by them, general English Language
reading material and also more Khmer books both for the little ones and
teenagers, are always appreciated.
More World
Maps are a PRIORITY.......Cambodian Children and most Adults have NO idea about
Geography...if they hopefully secure a good safe career in Tourism here, they
need to know a lot about outside of SE Asia.
3. OUT REACH
There is also a REAL
NEED for more OUT REACH work in this Province, the local authorities regularly
displace small shanty squatter communities from here to the Countryside with
little regard for their children’s education or well being. Recently around 300
shanty businesses some thriving and their homes either side of the river
outside our Pagoda were dismantled and the families in the main resettled in a
new barren land village,Kontrok 8km from
Siem Reap where there is no School whatsoever and parents are expected to pay
gasoline or motor bike or tuk tuk fares for the daily 16 km return journey , as
the local authorities have not even given the displaced families any cash for
boats..this area will flood badly in monsoon, the massive well,(reservoir) is
already full..the chances of the kids parents funding these long school
journeys and fares are worrying.
On this
point along with another local small NGO on the invitation of a representative
from a local Bank , we are looking at ways in which we can provide some kind of
immediate Educational help and hopefully long term assistance. All these
projects will need funding.
Also we would like to
continue when financially feasible practical outreach projects such as the well ( reservour) and water pumps and
labor we provided in FEB 2010 at a small poor rural village, Ornlongkrahn
in Stoung District around 100 km from here in the direction of Phnom Penh,
totally funded by two kind Australians and an American for less than $1300.
We are very
excited about starting a new project here for local women, teaching them how to
sew, make and repair clothes and crafts...enabling them to earn money for their
families and pass their skills on. Making School uniforms etc. will help
massively the 400 children attending the very basic local school with only 3
Khmer teachers!
We
desperately need to build a basic work shop for the Sewing Cooperative and some
basic accommodation for English Language Native Speaking Volunteers to assist
at the School….as soon as possible.
Once again
our friend’s Students Against Poverty Group Huonville High School Tasmania,
Have made a
1000 Australian Dollar donation to start work on a workshop for the Sewing
Cooperative but we will need more sponsorship and assistance.
As you are
aware both materials and construction and labour costs here are very very low
compared to 1st World Countries.
Finally with
the growing number of foreign tourists it is very important to secure a
training budget..so for example we could invite an NGO drama workshop to
educate the children that NOT all foreigners are NICE men ( or women), and
other relevant training and workshops for both the children and Khmer Teachers
So we have a
lot of good work to do
We are in
the process of producing proposals for all the Projects that Need Completing.
Thank you
for your friendship and help ...you are
always welcome..on behalf of all our wonderful Children ..Orgun chran
Your Kindest regards
DEPOSIT
INFORMATION
ACLEDA BANK
Phone: (+855)
23994444
Fax: (+855)
23430555
Swift Code: ACLBKHPP Chips
UID: 415637
Yorn Chea -
ACCOUNT NUMBER: 3451-20-752208-1-0
Yorn Chea and all at Enkosa River School
cdf
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