
积极心理学之父马丁·塞利格曼认为,虽然 60% 的幸福是由我们的基因和环境决定的,但剩下的 40% 则取决于我们自己。
在 2004 年的 Ted 演讲中,塞利格曼描述了三种不同的幸福生活:愉悦的生活,即尽可能地让生活充满乐趣;投入的生活,即在工作、育儿、爱情和休闲中找到生活的意义;以及有意义的生活,“即了解自己最大的优势,并利用这些优势去归属并为比你自身更伟大的事物服务”。
在探究了最终满足感的来源之后,塞利格曼表示他感到惊讶。研究表明,追求享乐对持久的满足感几乎没有任何贡献。相反,享乐就像“锦上添花”,为建立在对意义和投入的共同追求之上的充实生活增添了一丝甜蜜。
虽然要探讨意义和投入这类宏大的概念听起来似乎是一项艰巨的任务(快乐似乎更容易实现),但快乐的人有一些习惯,你可以将它们融入日常生活,从而提升整体的幸福感。快乐的人有一些特定的倾向,这些倾向有助于他们追求意义,并激励他们不断前行。
他们让自己身边围绕着其他快乐的人。
快乐具有感染力。弗雷明汉心脏研究的研究人员对幸福的传播进行了长达20年的调查,发现那些身边都是快乐的人的人“未来更有可能变得快乐”。这足以成为我们远离悲观主义者,多花时间与积极向上的人相处的理由。
他们发自内心地微笑。
即使你心情不太好,但根据发表在《管理学会期刊》(Academy of Management Journal)上的一项研究,培养一个快乐的想法——然后为此微笑——可以提升你的幸福感,并提高你的工作效率。重要的是,你的笑容要发自内心:研究表明,在经历负面情绪时强颜欢笑实际上会让你的心情变得更糟。
他们培养韧性。 ![]()
心理学家彼得·克雷默认为,韧性而非幸福才是抑郁的反面:快乐的人懂得如何从失败中重新振作。韧性就像一层缓冲垫,可以抵御人类必然会面临的种种磨难。正如日本谚语所说:“跌倒七次,也要爬起来八次。”
他们努力让自己快乐。
没错——就这么简单:根据最近发表在《积极心理学杂志》上的两项研究,努力让自己快乐就能提升你的情绪健康。研究中,那些积极尝试让自己更快乐的人报告了最高的积极情绪水平,这证明了“想让自己快乐”的道理。
他们心存善念。
庆祝来之不易的伟大成就固然重要,但快乐的人也会关注那些看似微小的胜利。“当我们花时间留意那些进展顺利的事情时,意味着我们一天中会获得许多小小的奖励,”苏珊·温申克博士五月份接受《赫芬顿邮报》采访时说道,“这有助于改善我们的情绪。”正如弗兰克·吉纳西博士解释的那样,留意那些顺心如意的事情(哪怕只是咖啡师正确地制作了你的咖啡)也能让你在一天中感受到更大的成就感。
他们懂得欣赏简单的快乐。

精心制作的冰淇淋甜筒,摇着尾巴的小狗。快乐的人会花时间去欣赏这些唾手可得的快乐。在细微之处发现意义,并对所拥有的一切心怀感恩,会让人感到由衷的幸福。
他们会抽出一些时间进行捐赠。
尽管一天只有24小时,但积极乐观的人们会利用这段时间帮助他人,而这反过来也使他们自身受益。一项名为“美国人生活变迁”的长期研究项目发现,利他主义带来了诸多益处:“志愿工作有益于身心健康。所有年龄段的志愿者都更快乐,身体更健康,抑郁症也更少。”该研究的负责人之一佩吉·索伊茨报告说。
行善者还会体验到研究人员所说的“助人者的快感”,这是一种参与慈善行为的人所感受到的欣快状态。“这可能真的是一种‘快感’,类似于吸毒后的快感,”克里斯汀·L·卡特博士写道。“捐款的行为会激活我们大脑中负责多巴胺介导的欣快感的奖赏中心。”
他们任由自己忘记时间。(有时他们也无能为力。) 
当你全身心投入到一项既具有挑战性、又令人精神振奋且意义非凡的活动中时,你会体验到一种被称为“心流”的愉悦状态。快乐的人追求这种“沉浸其中”或“忘我投入”的感觉,这种感觉会降低自我意识,并促进与成功相关的感受。正如 Pursuit-of-happiness.org 网站所解释的,“要进入心流状态,你必须将这项活动视为自愿的、令人愉悦的(具有内在动力),并且它必须需要技巧,具有挑战性(但不能过于困难),同时还要有明确的成功目标。”
他们摒弃闲聊,进行更深入的对话。
偶尔放纵一下没什么错,但坐下来认真聊聊让你感到快乐的事情,才是提升生活满意度的绝佳方式。 《心理科学》杂志发表的一项研究发现,那些参与更多实质性对话、而非闲聊的人,会体验到更多的满足感。
“我希望我有勇气表达自己的感受”,这是临终者最常后悔的五件事之一——这种情绪暗示着人们希望自己少花时间谈论天气,多花时间深入探讨那些能让他们心潮澎湃的事情。
他们把钱花在别人身上。
或许金钱真的能买到幸福。发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究发现,把钱花在别人身上比花在自己身上更能直接提升幸福感。
他们会认真倾听。
“当你倾听时,你就能更好地吸收知识,而不是用言语或杂念阻碍他人,” 《传染性乐观》的作者大卫·梅扎佩尔写道。“你也在展现自信和对他人的尊重。知识和自信证明你对自己充满信心和积极态度,从而散发出正能量。”良好的倾听技巧能够巩固人际关系,带来更令人满意的体验。一个好的倾听者在结束对话后,会感觉自己的存在没有白费,这种感觉与幸福感的提升密切相关。
他们重视人与人之间的面对面交流。
发短信、视频通话和发推特给朋友固然快捷方便,但花钱买张机票去见远在千里之外的挚爱之人,对你的幸福感却有着举足轻重的影响。“人们内心深处渴望归属感,而这种归属感来自于与朋友的面对面交流,”芝加哥大学认知与社会神经科学中心主任约翰·卡西奥波博士说道。社交媒体虽然让我们保持联系,却无法让我们进行身体接触,而身体接触恰恰能带来温暖和舒适感,甚至还能缓解焦虑。
他们总是往好处想。

乐观主义有很多益处,包括减轻压力、提高疼痛耐受力,以及正如《赫芬顿邮报》健康生活版块最近报道的那样,延长心脏病患者的寿命。当你选择看到事物积极的一面时,你也选择了健康和快乐。
塞利格曼在他最受赞誉的著作之一《习得性乐观主义》中,或许总结了乐观主义者最伟大的特征:
悲观主义者的显著特征是,他们倾向于认为坏事会持续很久,会破坏他们所做的一切,而且都是他们咎由自取。乐观主义者同样会遭遇人生的种种打击,但他们看待不幸的方式却截然相反。他们倾向于认为失败只是暂时的挫折,其原因仅限于此。乐观主义者相信失败并非他们的错:可能是环境、运气不佳或其他因素造成的。这样的人不会被失败击垮。面对困境,他们将其视为挑战,并更加努力。
他们很欣赏好的混音带。
音乐拥有强大的力量。事实上,它的力量如此强大,甚至可以媲美按摩疗法的舒缓焦虑效果。在为期三个月的研究中, 来自Group Health Research Institute的研究人员发现,仅仅听音乐的患者,其焦虑症状的减轻程度与接受10次时长1小时按摩的患者相同。然而,选择合适的音乐可能是一个重要因素,因为欢快或悲伤的歌曲也会影响我们对世界的感知。在一项实验中,研究人员要求受试者在听音乐的同时识别快乐或悲伤的面孔,结果发现,参与者更容易看到与音乐“情绪”相符的面孔。点击此处,欣赏我们精选的几首能够提升心情的歌曲。
他们拔掉了插头。
无论是冥想、暂时放下屏幕深呼吸,还是刻意断开电子设备,远离我们这个高度互联的世界,已被证明对提升幸福感大有裨益。打电话会升高血压、增加压力,而长时间盯着屏幕则与抑郁和疲劳有关。科技不会消失,但进行某种形式的“数字排毒”可以让大脑有机会充电和恢复,这——还有一个额外的好处——就是可以增强你的心理韧性。
他们追求精神层面的东西。 
研究表明,宗教和灵性修行与快乐之间存在联系。首先,大多数灵性活动都提倡表达感恩、同情和慈善等幸福习惯。其次,思考人生大问题有助于赋予我们生活意义和内涵。 2009年的一项研究发现,那些感到人生有意义(这种意义源于灵性联系)的孩子更快乐。
灵性提供了一种20世纪社会学家埃米尔·涂尔干所说的“神圣时间”,这是一种内在的、令人放松的仪式,能够引发反思和宁静的时刻。正如艾伦·L·艾德勒博士在《灵性/宗教实践的心理和生理益处》一书中写道:
神圣时光的体验让我们得以暂时脱离日常生活中大部分时间所处的“世俗时光”。每日冥想、每周点燃安息日蜡烛、参加礼拜仪式,或每年在僻静之地进行一次静修,这些都是让我们从日常生活的喧嚣中抽身而出的例证。休息和从工作及日常生活的压力中解脱出来,有助于减轻压力——压力是慢性疾病的根本原因,也是西方社会的主要死因。超验的精神和宗教体验具有积极的疗愈和恢复作用,尤其当它们“融入”到人们的日常、每周、每个季节和每年的生活周期中时,更是如此。
他们把锻炼放在首位。
一位睿智的(虽然是虚构的)哈佛法学院学生曾说过:“运动会让你分泌内啡肽。内啡肽会让你快乐。” 研究表明,运动能够缓解抑郁、焦虑和压力症状,这得益于运动过程中大脑释放的多种化学物质,这些物质能够增强幸福感和放松感。此外,锻炼还能让我们更加欣赏自己的身体。发表在《健康心理学杂志》上的一项研究发现,即使人们没有减肥或取得明显的体型改善,运动也能改善他们对自身身体的看法。
他们走到外面。
想感受活力充沛吗?根据发表在《环境心理学杂志》上的几项研究,只需呼吸20分钟新鲜空气就能提升活力感。“大自然是灵魂的燃料,”这些研究的主要作者理查德·瑞安博士说道。“我们常常在感到疲惫时会选择喝杯咖啡提神,但研究表明,更好的提神方式是亲近自然。”虽然我们大多数人都喜欢喝热咖啡,但我们或许更喜欢在温暖的环境下享受大自然:一项关于天气与个人幸福感的研究发现,57华氏度(约14摄氏度)是带来最佳幸福感的理想温度。
他们在枕头上待了一会儿。 
起床气并非空穴来风。睡眠不足时,人们容易出现思维混乱、情绪低落和判断力下降等问题。“良好的睡眠确实能帮助情绪波动的人减轻焦虑,”圣卢克-罗斯福医院中心睡眠医学主任兼重症监护副主任雷蒙德·吉恩博士告诉Health.com网站,“充足的睡眠能带来更稳定的情绪。”
他们哈哈大笑。
你肯定听过这句话:笑是最好的良药。对于蓝调音乐来说,这句话或许不无道理。一声爽朗的笑声能释放大脑中的快乐化学物质,除了带来我们渴望的愉悦感之外,还能增强人类承受痛苦和压力的能力。
你或许可以把互相开玩笑的环节算作一次锻炼(也许吧)。“身体对重复大笑的反应类似于重复运动的效果,”李·伯克博士解释道。他是2010年一项研究笑声对身体影响的研究的主要研究员。该研究还发现,一些与锻炼相关的益处,例如增强免疫系统、控制食欲和改善胆固醇水平,也可以通过大笑来实现。
他们言行一致。
你有没有注意到,你那些快乐的朋友走路都轻快有活力?佛罗里达大西洋大学的心理学家萨拉·斯诺德格拉斯进行的研究表明,这一切都与步态有关。
在实验中,斯诺德格拉斯要求参与者进行三分钟的步行。一半的参与者被要求迈大步,同时摆动双臂,昂首挺胸。这些参与者在散步后表示比另一组步子小、步履蹒跚、目光低垂的参与者感觉更快乐。
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The 21 Habits of Exuberant Human Beings:
They surround themselves with other happy people.
They smile when they mean it.
They cultivate resilience.
They try to be happy.
They are mindful of the good.
They appreciate simple pleasures.
They devote some of their time to giving
They let themselves lose track of time.
They nix the small talk for deeper conversation.
They spend money on other people
They make a point to listen.
They uphold in-person connections.
They look on the bright side.
They value a good mixtape.
They unplug.
They get spiritual.
They make exercise a priority
They go outside
They spend some time on the pillow.
They LOL.
They walk the walk.
Loved the article- there is so much doom and gloom in our world so I'd rather be refuelled by doing good and smiling- even when I don't feel like it. Raising my vibration +action= more people activated to their purpose and commitment to create a global community which cares about our world!!😀
Number 1 is false. Happiness is not always appropriate not only day to day, but for the long haul, and most especially when one is faced with losing one's planet, which is the reality for all of us are who are alive and still breathing today on our planet home. Contrary to popular belief, we are creating our world. It is Our planet and Our civilization One by One, and One by One we will have to care, and Do something about it. And, it will not always be easy, or make us happy to do our honorable duty to enlighten, uphold, treasure, and save our world, though we will be filled with great satisfaction, dignity, and peace within our being for doing the right thing, and upholding our small or large part for the cause of truth, justice, and mercy. It will involve paying attention to sorrow more than happiness, the sorrows of every living being and thing on earth. Learning about what not to do in order to save life and love, and even teaching, marching, and protesting what not to do, will never be enough if we never get around to teaching and learning about what to do - what is it that we need to learn and do in order to save life on planet earth and the heart and soul of our own humanity, and to truly live for the first time in human history with real joy and abundance for all peoples and all of life?
Number 1 is hope and courage, not happiness, and there can be many dark nights and days on the brave road of hope. Surround yourself with courageous people who choose to take a stand for hope, those who work to really change this world for the betterment of all, and someday true and exuberant happiness will dawn for all human beings, all human civilization, and all life on planet earth, Our One planet home.
Evening Gatha
"Let me respectfully remind you -
Life and death are of supreme importance.
Time swiftly passes by, and opportunity is lost.
Each of us should strive to awaken ...
awaken.
Take heed. Do not squander your life."
and by Mary Oliver,
"...Tell me, what is it you plan to do
[Hide Full Comment]with your one wild and precious life?"
SMART WORK NEVER KILL SOME ONE>BUT HARD WORK MAKE YOU SMART.
Mischief as a graduate student taught me something unusual. A class of 35 graduate students fomented an argument between our Economics Professor and our Organizational Behavior professor. I will skip the cross discipline insults these professors gave in offense or defense of their disciplines. But, it seems that humans are not cleanly rational as the economic model suggests nor are they driven solely by tribal instincts to team spirit or in fighting.
Struggling to stitch these ideas in to a single picture, I watched drivers on the freeway over a long multi-state drive. I sorted their actions into self-interested, community-interested and simply nuts.
Of 97 events where a decision was made by the driver that I could classify the following break out occurred.
19 were neighborly uses of lane changes, lane merges and responses to posted signs.
18 were simply silly actions on the road.
60 were selfish uses of lane changes, lane merges, ignoring signs for personal advantage.
Statistical note: the 95% Confidence line or luck of the draw is +/- 11 actions in this sample.
Realizing that every tendency of these drivers will at some point occur to me also, this comes to the following more balanced view of myself.
3/16 of my actions are about caring for others.
10/16 of my actions are focused on caring for myself directly.
3/16 of my actions should simply be fun without any need for a reason.
Even noble figures face distress with some form of enlightened self interest.
[Hide Full Comment]In Hebrews 12:2, it says of Jesus Christ and his crucifixion the following:
"...For the joy set before him he endured the cross, scorning its shame..."
Christ knows the long term gain that was worth his pain and acts for our gain and his longer term benefit. (Noble Interest: 3/16 + Long Term Self Interest 10/16.)
console the unhappy,make more happier the happiest,be in contentment,have high ambitions,strive for them.
Fact. Not unplugging can be just as relexaing. It really depends on the individual. Siting on the couch and watching a movie is stress releaving to me and brings my Systolic number down 10-15 points by the end of 90 minutes. Once a movie starts, that I havent already seen, I lose myself in it and forget about everything else that is going on for the length of the movie.
Ive only tested this on myself four times and all four times I've seen a drop in numbers.
Lovely, and worth heeding.
@swanra1 Your comments were very provocative; I had to think somewhat about my genes and my behavior. So ----, I put on my favorite corduroys and whistled a happy tune while twirling about.
If you fall down seven times , you get up seven times, not eight,
Friends usually describe me as "slightly Exuberant" so I thank you for this post! HUG from my heart to yours! :) And may you seek out some Happiness today. Perhaps in sun shining, puppy play, snow on the tree branches or a song. One of my favorites is Smile On by Deee-lite. "Smile on, pass it on..." :) HUG!
With all due respect it appears that Dr. Seligman never read cellular researcher Dr. Bruce Lipton's 30 years of research findings contained in the book Biology of Belief. One can do all the healthy stuff as an adult but until the past is cleared of the beliefs formed in childhood we are only 5 % conscious. The child is still running the show.
Dr. Lipton's research shows it is the epigenetically induced beliefs taught to us by our caregivers, education, religion etc, that account for the quality of our health and well being es in EVERY aspect of our lives. His research shows that our genes only influence our health by 5%!
That is why affirmations do not work. What does work is doing the inner work to release the beliefs that affect health mentally physically emotionally and spiritually.